{"id":57764,"date":"2026-01-09T21:04:36","date_gmt":"2026-01-09T15:34:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hindkush.in\/?p=57764"},"modified":"2026-01-31T12:37:29","modified_gmt":"2026-01-31T07:07:29","slug":"%e0%a4%ae%e0%a5%82%e0%a4%b2-%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%aa%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b6%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%a8%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%a7%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%a4%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b5","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hindkush.in\/?p=57764","title":{"rendered":"\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0932\u094b\u0915\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0935\u0948\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"Y3BBE\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-hveid=\"CAEQAA\" data-processed=\"true\">\n<h2 data-subtree=\"aimfl,mfl\" data-processed=\"true\">\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong class=\"Yjhzub\" data-processed=\"true\">&#8220;\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0932\u094b\u0915\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930&#8221; (Grassroots Democracy)<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930, \u092f\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0917\u093e\u0901\u0935 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u0939\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u091a\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0932\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0932\u094b\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0922\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0940\u0902\u0935 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u090f\u0915 \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<span class=\"uJ19be notranslate\" data-wiz-uids=\"YD2Bre_9,YD2Bre_a\" data-processed=\"true\"><span class=\"vKEkVd\" data-animation-atomic=\"\" data-wiz-attrbind=\"class=YD2Bre_8\/TKHnVd\" data-processed=\"true\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"otQkpb\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"3\" data-processed=\"true\">\u0938\u0902\u0935\u0948\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"Y3BBE\" data-hveid=\"CAMQAA\" data-processed=\"true\">\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0940 \u0932\u094b\u0915\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 73\u0935\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u0930 74\u0935\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0948\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0925\u0940:<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"KsbFXc U6u95\" data-processed=\"true\">\n<li data-hveid=\"CAQQAA\" data-processed=\"true\"><span class=\"T286Pc\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-processed=\"true\"><strong class=\"Yjhzub\" data-processed=\"true\">73\u0935\u093e\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 1992:<\/strong> \u0907\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong class=\"Yjhzub\" data-processed=\"true\">\u092d\u093e\u0917 IX<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong class=\"Yjhzub\" data-processed=\"true\">\u0917\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u0939\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0928\u0947 <strong class=\"Yjhzub\" data-processed=\"true\">\u092a\u0902\u091a\u093e\u092f\u0924\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u091c \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e<\/strong> (\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u092a\u0902\u091a\u093e\u092f\u0924, \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0932\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0937\u0926) \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0948\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span>\n<ul class=\"KsbFXc U6u95\" data-processed=\"true\">\n<li data-hveid=\"CAQQAQ\" data-processed=\"true\"><span class=\"T286Pc\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-processed=\"true\"><strong class=\"Yjhzub\" data-processed=\"true\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 243A<\/strong> \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0938\u092d\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u093e\u0901\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092e\u0924\u0926\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 (social audit) \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0932\u094b\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092d\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-hveid=\"CAQQAg\" data-processed=\"true\"><span class=\"T286Pc\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-processed=\"true\"><strong class=\"Yjhzub\" data-processed=\"true\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 40<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0928\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0915 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u092a\u0902\u091a\u093e\u092f\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0920\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-hveid=\"CAQQAw\" data-processed=\"true\"><span class=\"T286Pc\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-processed=\"true\"><strong class=\"Yjhzub\" data-processed=\"true\">74\u0935\u093e\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 1992:<\/strong> \u0907\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong class=\"Yjhzub\" data-processed=\"true\">\u092d\u093e\u0917 IX-A<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong class=\"Yjhzub\" data-processed=\"true\">\u092c\u093e\u0930\u0939\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0936\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 (\u0928\u0917\u0930\u092a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0902, \u0928\u0917\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0937\u0926\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0917\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0917\u092e) \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0948\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0940\u0964<\/span><span class=\"uJ19be notranslate\" data-wiz-uids=\"YD2Bre_17,YD2Bre_18\" data-processed=\"true\"><span class=\"vKEkVd\" data-animation-atomic=\"\" data-wiz-attrbind=\"class=YD2Bre_16\/TKHnVd\" data-processed=\"true\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"Y3BBE\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-hveid=\"CAUQAA\" data-processed=\"true\">\u092f\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0902, \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0964<span class=\"uJ19be notranslate\" data-wiz-uids=\"YD2Bre_1f,YD2Bre_1g\" data-processed=\"true\"><span class=\"vKEkVd\" data-animation-atomic=\"\" data-wiz-attrbind=\"class=YD2Bre_1e\/TKHnVd\" data-processed=\"true\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"Fsg96\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-processed=\"true\"><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"otQkpb\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"3\" data-processed=\"true\">\u0938\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e \u0915\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f<\/h3>\n<div class=\"Y3BBE\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-hveid=\"CAcQAA\" data-processed=\"true\">\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0915\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0948\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0908 \u0939\u0948, \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f &#8220;\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935&#8221; \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f, \u0915\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948:<\/div>\n<ul class=\"KsbFXc U6u95\" data-processed=\"true\">\n<li data-hveid=\"CAgQAA\" data-processed=\"true\"><span class=\"T286Pc\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-processed=\"true\"><strong class=\"Yjhzub\" data-processed=\"true\">\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0902\u0926 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u093e (1973):<\/strong> \u0907\u0938 \u0910\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0928\u0947 <strong class=\"Yjhzub\" data-processed=\"true\">&#8220;\u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0922\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924&#8221; (Basic Structure Doctrine)<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0915\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0928\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0938\u0926 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0922\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0932\u094b\u0915\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0932\u094b\u0915\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-hveid=\"CAgQAQ\" data-processed=\"true\"><span class=\"T286Pc\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-processed=\"true\"><strong class=\"Yjhzub\" data-processed=\"true\">\u090f\u0938.\u0906\u0930. \u092c\u094b\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0908 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u093e (1994):<\/strong> \u0907\u0938 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0938\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e \u0915\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930-\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 356 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u092e\u0928\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u0916\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0941\u0936 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0940\u092f \u0922\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u094b\u0915\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-hveid=\"CAgQAg\" data-processed=\"true\"><span class=\"T286Pc\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-processed=\"true\"><strong class=\"Yjhzub\" data-processed=\"true\">\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e\u0935:<\/strong> \u0938\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e \u0915\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0908 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u094b\u0915\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u0928\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 1951 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u091a\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"Y3BBE\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-hveid=\"CAkQAA\" data-processed=\"true\">\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u00a0\u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 73\u0935\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u0930 74\u0935\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0940 \u0932\u094b\u0915\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0938\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e \u0915\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0932\u094b\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e\u091c\u094b\u0930 \u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<span class=\"uJ19be notranslate\" data-wiz-uids=\"YD2Bre_2c,YD2Bre_2d\" data-processed=\"true\"><span class=\"vKEkVd\" data-animation-atomic=\"\" data-wiz-attrbind=\"class=YD2Bre_2b\/TKHnVd\" data-processed=\"true\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-hveid=\"CAkQAA\" data-processed=\"true\">\u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 73\u0935\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0902\u091a\u093e\u092f\u0924\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u091c \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0914\u0930 74 \u0935\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u0917\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0932\u094b\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0948\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/div>\n<div data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-hveid=\"CAkQAA\" data-processed=\"true\">\n<p class=\"zfr3Q CDt4Ke \" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"jgG6ef C9DxTc \">\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0917-9 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u092a\u0902\u091a\u093e\u092f\u0924\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u091c \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e (\u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 243) \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0939\u0948 \u0964 \u092d\u093e\u0917-9 \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><span class=\"jgG6ef C9DxTc \">\u2018\u092a\u0902\u091a\u093e\u092f\u0924\u0947\u0902\u2019<\/span><span class=\"jgG6ef C9DxTc \"> \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 243-243\u0923 (243-243O) \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0902\u091a\u093e\u092f\u0924\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u091c \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"zfr3Q CDt4Ke \" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"jgG6ef C9DxTc \">\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 243 (\u091c\u0940) \u0909\u092a\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0902\u091a\u093e\u092f\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0947<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"zfr3Q CDt4Ke \" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"jgG6ef C9DxTc \">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 243<\/span><span class=\"jgG6ef C9DxTc \"> \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0917\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0917\u0920\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0940\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0917\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u0917\u0930 \u092a\u0902\u091a\u093e\u092f\u0924 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u091c\u094b \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0939\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0932\u0918\u0941\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u0917\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0937\u0926 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0928\u0917\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u0917\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0928\u0917\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0917\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u0940 \u091c\u094b \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0940\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0917\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0936\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"zfr3Q CDt4Ke \" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"jgG6ef C9DxTc \">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 243-\u091f<\/span><span class=\"jgG6ef C9DxTc \"> \u092a\u0902\u091a\u093e\u092f\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u091a\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0902\u091a\u093e\u092f\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0930\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u091a\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u091a\u0915 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0940 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u091a\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u0928\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0915 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u091a\u0928 \u0906\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u091a\u0928 \u0906\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u092a\u093e\u0932 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u092f\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"zfr3Q CDt4Ke \" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"jgG6ef C9DxTc \">\u0907\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 <\/span><span class=\"jgG6ef C9DxTc \">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 243-\u092f\u0915<\/span><span class=\"jgG6ef C9DxTc \"> \u0928\u0917\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u091a\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0964 \u0928\u0917\u0930\u092a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0930\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u091a\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u091a\u0915 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0940 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u091a\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u0928\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 243-\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u091a\u0928 \u0906\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"zfr3Q CDt4Ke \" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"jgG6ef C9DxTc \">\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0902\u091a\u093e\u092f\u0924\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u091c \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u092a\u0902\u091a\u093e\u092f\u0924 (\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930), \u092a\u0902\u091a\u093e\u092f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092f\u093e \u091c\u0928\u092a\u0926 \u092a\u0902\u091a\u093e\u092f\u0924 (\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930) \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093c\u093f\u0932\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0937\u0926 \u092f\u093e\u00a0 \u091c\u093f\u0932\u093e \u092a\u0902\u091a\u093e\u092f\u0924 (\u091c\u093c\u093f\u0932\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930) \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"zfr3Q CDt4Ke \" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"jgG6ef C9DxTc \">\u0907\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0917\u0930\u092a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902 : \u0928\u0917\u0930 \u092a\u0902\u091a\u093e\u092f\u0924 &#8211; \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0917\u093e\u0901\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u0939\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0928\u0917\u0930\u092a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0937\u0926 &#8211; \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u0936\u0939\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0932\u0918\u0941 \u0928\u0917\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0917\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0917\u092e &#8211; \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0928\u0917\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902, \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0928\u0917\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"Y3BBE\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-hveid=\"CAIQAA\" data-processed=\"true\" data-complete=\"true\">\n<h3 data-subtree=\"aimfl\" data-complete=\"true\" data-processed=\"true\">\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong class=\"Yjhzub\" data-complete=\"true\" data-processed=\"true\">\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0932\u094b\u0915\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong> (\u091c\u092e\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092f\u093e &#8216;\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0930\u0942\u091f&#8217; \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u094b\u0915\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930) \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0908 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0948\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<span class=\"uJ19be notranslate\" data-wiz-uids=\"rCTUpd_k,rCTUpd_l\" data-complete=\"true\" data-processed=\"true\"><span class=\"vKEkVd\" data-animation-atomic=\"\" data-wiz-attrbind=\"class=rCTUpd_j\/TKHnVd\" data-sae=\"\">\u00a0<button class=\"rBl3me\" tabindex=\"0\" data-amic=\"true\" data-icl-uuid=\"f5c84f78-3d1e-4a48-b249-7cb134f727a3\" aria-label=\"View related links\" data-wiz-attrbind=\"disabled=rCTUpd_j\/C5gNJc;class=rCTUpd_j\/UpSNec\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwifueP95P6RAxVtxjgGHfMRLYcQye0OegQIAhAB\"><\/button><\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"Y3BBE\" data-hveid=\"CAMQAA\" data-processed=\"true\" data-complete=\"true\">\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0948\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"KsbFXc U6u95\" data-processed=\"true\" data-complete=\"true\">\n<li data-hveid=\"CAQQAA\" data-sae=\"\" data-complete=\"true\"><span class=\"T286Pc\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-complete=\"true\"><strong class=\"Yjhzub\" data-complete=\"true\">73\u0935\u093e\u0902 \u0914\u0930 74\u0935\u093e\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 (1992):<\/strong> \u092f\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u092e\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u094b\u0915\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0940\u0902\u0935 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n<ul class=\"KsbFXc U6u95\" data-complete=\"true\">\n<li data-hveid=\"CAQQAQ\" data-complete=\"true\" data-sae=\"\"><span class=\"T286Pc\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-complete=\"true\"><strong class=\"Yjhzub\" data-complete=\"true\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 243 (\u092a\u0902\u091a\u093e\u092f\u0924\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u091c):<\/strong> 73\u0935\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0902\u091a\u093e\u092f\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0948\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0940\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-hveid=\"CAQQAg\" data-sae=\"\" data-complete=\"true\"><span class=\"T286Pc\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-complete=\"true\"><strong class=\"Yjhzub\" data-complete=\"true\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 243W (\u0928\u0917\u0930\u092a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0902):<\/strong> 74\u0935\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0936\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u090f\u3002<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-hveid=\"CAQQAw\" data-complete=\"true\" data-processed=\"true\" data-sae=\"\"><span class=\"T286Pc\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-complete=\"true\"><strong class=\"Yjhzub\" data-complete=\"true\">\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 (\u0906\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923):<\/strong><\/span>\n<ul class=\"KsbFXc U6u95\" data-complete=\"true\">\n<li data-hveid=\"CAQQBA\" data-complete=\"true\" data-sae=\"\"><span class=\"T286Pc\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-complete=\"true\">\u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u092e\u091c\u094b\u0930 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u0902\u091a\u093e\u092f\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0917\u0930\u092a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong class=\"Yjhzub\" data-complete=\"true\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0942\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f (SC)<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong class=\"Yjhzub\" data-complete=\"true\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0942\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u0928\u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f (ST)<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u091c\u0928\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0940\u091f\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u3002<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-hveid=\"CAQQBQ\" data-complete=\"true\" data-sae=\"\"><span class=\"T286Pc\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-complete=\"true\">\u092e\u0939\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e <strong class=\"Yjhzub\" data-complete=\"true\">\u090f\u0915-\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0908 (1\/3)<\/strong> \u0938\u0940\u091f\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u091c\u092e\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u0939\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0947\u0924\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-hveid=\"CAQQBg\" data-complete=\"true\" data-processed=\"true\" data-sae=\"\"><span class=\"T286Pc\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-complete=\"true\"><strong class=\"Yjhzub\" data-complete=\"true\">\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0938\u092d\u093e (\u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 243A):<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 &#8220;\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0940&#8221; \u0932\u094b\u0915\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0917\u093e\u0902\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092e\u0924\u0926\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u3002<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-hveid=\"CAQQBw\" data-complete=\"true\" data-processed=\"true\" data-sae=\"\"><span class=\"T286Pc\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-complete=\"true\"><strong class=\"Yjhzub\" data-complete=\"true\">\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u091a\u0928 \u0906\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e\u0935:<\/strong><\/span>\n<ul class=\"KsbFXc U6u95\" data-complete=\"true\">\n<li data-hveid=\"CAQQCA\" data-complete=\"true\" data-sae=\"\"><span class=\"T286Pc\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-complete=\"true\"><strong class=\"Yjhzub\" data-complete=\"true\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 324:<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u0938\u0926 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928\u0938\u092d\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-hveid=\"CAQQCQ\" data-complete=\"true\" data-sae=\"\"><span class=\"T286Pc\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-complete=\"true\"><strong class=\"Yjhzub\" data-complete=\"true\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 243K \u0914\u0930 243ZA:<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 <strong class=\"Yjhzub\" data-complete=\"true\">\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u091a\u0928 \u0906\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0917\u0920\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u3002<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-hveid=\"CAQQCg\" data-complete=\"true\" data-processed=\"true\" data-sae=\"\"><span class=\"T286Pc\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-complete=\"true\"><strong class=\"Yjhzub\" data-complete=\"true\">\u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092d\u094c\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0924\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 (\u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 326):<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f 18 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u092f\u0941 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0947\u0926\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0932\u094b\u0915\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u3002<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-hveid=\"CAQQCw\" data-complete=\"true\" data-processed=\"true\" data-sae=\"\"><span class=\"T286Pc\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-complete=\"true\"><strong class=\"Yjhzub\" data-complete=\"true\">\u092a\u0947\u0938\u093e (PESA) \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 1996:<\/strong> \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0942\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0906\u0926\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0940\u0924\u093f-\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u3002<\/span><span class=\"uJ19be notranslate\" data-wiz-uids=\"rCTUpd_1x,rCTUpd_1y\" data-complete=\"true\"><span class=\"vKEkVd\" data-animation-atomic=\"\" data-wiz-attrbind=\"class=rCTUpd_1w\/TKHnVd\" data-sae=\"\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"Y3BBE\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-hveid=\"CAUQAA\" data-processed=\"true\" data-complete=\"true\">\u092f\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0926\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0928 \u0930\u0939\u0947, \u092c\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093f \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0924\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0902\u091a \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u3002<span class=\"uJ19be notranslate\" data-wiz-uids=\"rCTUpd_2c,rCTUpd_2d\" data-processed=\"true\" data-complete=\"true\"><span class=\"vKEkVd\" data-animation-atomic=\"\" data-wiz-attrbind=\"class=rCTUpd_2b\/TKHnVd\" data-sae=\"\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 &#8220;\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0932\u094b\u0915\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930&#8221; (Grassroots Democracy) \u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930, \u092f\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0917\u093e\u0901\u0935 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u0939\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u091a\u0932\u0947 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