{"id":58159,"date":"2026-02-03T22:50:31","date_gmt":"2026-02-03T17:20:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hindkush.in\/?p=58159"},"modified":"2026-02-03T22:50:31","modified_gmt":"2026-02-03T17:20:31","slug":"%e0%a4%ad%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%a4%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%af-%e0%a4%b8%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%a7%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a8-%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%85%e0%a4%a8%e0%a5%81%e0%a4%9a%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%9b","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hindkush.in\/?p=58159","title":{"rendered":"\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u00a0\u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 12\u00a0&#8216;\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f&#8217; (State)"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 12 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 12 (Article 12 in Hindi)<\/strong>\u00a0\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 &#8220;\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f&#8221; \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u0938\u0902\u0938\u0926, \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930\u00a0<strong>\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932<\/strong>\u00a0\u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u093e\u0935\u093e, \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 &#8220;\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f&#8221; \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 &#8220;\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f&#8221; \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u0926<\/strong>\u00a0,<\/li>\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932, \u0914\u0930<\/li>\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u092f\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h3>\u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917 III (<strong>\u092e\u094c\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong>\u00a0\u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 12 \u0938\u0947 35) \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u092e\u094c\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u093e\u0930\u0902\u091f\u0940 \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 12 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u094c\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h3>\u092e\u094c\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<li>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 12 \u092e\u0947\u0902 &#8220;\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f&#8221; \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964\n<ul>\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u092a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0908 \u0910\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u094c\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u093e\u092f\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940&#8221; \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u092a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0936 &#8220;\u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940&#8221; \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0939\u0948:\n<ul>\n<li>\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930<\/li>\n<li>\u0935\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u094c\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"Y3BBE\" data-hveid=\"CAEQAA\" data-processed=\"true\"><mark class=\"HxTRcb\" data-processed=\"true\">\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u00a0<strong class=\"Yjhzub\" data-processed=\"true\"><span data-wiz-uids=\"rUHdf_d\" data-processed=\"true\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 12<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0&#8216;\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f&#8217; (State) \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0916\u093f\u0932\u093e\u092b \u092e\u094c\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0928\u0928 \u092a\u0930 (\u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 32\/226 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924) \u0930\u093f\u091f \u092f\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0926\u093e\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/mark>\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902: \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\/\u0938\u0902\u0938\u0926, \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\/\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932, \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0923 (\u0928\u0917\u0930\u092a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e, \u092a\u0902\u091a\u093e\u092f\u0924) \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 (\u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u0948\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915\/\u0917\u0948\u0930-\u0935\u0948\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f)\u0964<span class=\"uJ19be notranslate\" data-wiz-uids=\"rUHdf_f,rUHdf_g\" data-processed=\"true\"><span class=\"vKEkVd\" data-animation-atomic=\"\" data-wiz-attrbind=\"class=rUHdf_e\/TKHnVd\" data-processed=\"true\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-processed=\"true\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"Y3BBE\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-hveid=\"CAIQAA\" data-processed=\"true\"><strong class=\"Yjhzub\" data-processed=\"true\">\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u094b\u0902 (Case Laws) \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0947\u0902:<\/strong><\/div>\n<ul class=\"KsbFXc U6u95\" data-processed=\"true\">\n<li data-hveid=\"CAMQAA\" data-processed=\"true\"><span class=\"T286Pc\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-processed=\"true\"><strong class=\"Yjhzub\" data-processed=\"true\">&#8220;<span data-wiz-uids=\"rUHdf_t\" data-processed=\"true\">\u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span>&#8221; \u0915\u093e \u0926\u093e\u092f\u0930\u093e (\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u092c\u093f\u091c\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u092e\u094b\u0939\u0928 \u0932\u093e\u0932, 1967):<\/strong>\u00a0\u0938\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e \u0915\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u0915\u093f &#8216;\u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0923&#8217; \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0947 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-hveid=\"CAMQAg\" data-processed=\"true\"><span class=\"T286Pc\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-processed=\"true\"><strong class=\"Yjhzub\" data-processed=\"true\">\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 (<span data-wiz-uids=\"rUHdf_y\" data-processed=\"true\">\u0905\u091c\u092f \u0939\u093e\u0938\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0916\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0926 \u092e\u0941\u091c\u0940\u092c, 1981<\/span>):<\/strong>\u00a0\u0915\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0928\u0947 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0917\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947- \u0938\u094b\u0938\u093e\u092f\u091f\u0940, \u0928\u093f\u0917\u092e) \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u0935\u0939 &#8216;\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f&#8217; \u0939\u0948, \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928 \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-hveid=\"CAMQBA\" data-processed=\"true\"><span class=\"T286Pc\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-processed=\"true\"><strong class=\"Yjhzub\" data-processed=\"true\"><span data-wiz-uids=\"rUHdf_13\" data-processed=\"true\">\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u092a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/span>\u00a0\u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f (\u090f.\u0906\u0930. \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0906\u0930.\u090f\u0938. \u0928\u093e\u092f\u0915, 1988):<\/strong>\u00a0\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u092a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e \u091c\u092c &#8216;\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915&#8217; \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u091c\u092c &#8216;\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093f\u0915&#8217; \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 12 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 &#8216;\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f&#8217; \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u094c\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0902\u0918\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-hveid=\"CAMQBg\" data-processed=\"true\"><span class=\"T286Pc\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-processed=\"true\"><strong class=\"Yjhzub\" data-processed=\"true\"><span data-wiz-uids=\"rUHdf_18\" data-processed=\"true\">\u092c\u0940\u0938\u0940\u0938\u0940\u0906\u0908 (BCCI)\u00a0<\/span>\u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u093e (\u091c\u0940. \u092e\u094b\u0939\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0940\u0938\u0940\u0938\u0940\u0906\u0908):<\/strong>\u00a0\u0915\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0928\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f \u092c\u0940\u0938\u0940\u0938\u0940\u0906\u0908 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 (\u092f\u0939 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0926\u093e \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0939\u0948)\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-hveid=\"CAMQCA\" data-processed=\"true\"><span class=\"T286Pc\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-processed=\"true\"><strong class=\"Yjhzub\" data-processed=\"true\">\u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0902:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0906\u092e \u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930, \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0915\u0902\u092a\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0916\u093f\u0932\u093e\u092b \u0930\u093f\u091f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940, \u091c\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 &#8216;\u090f\u091c\u0947\u0902\u091f&#8217; \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0964<\/span><span class=\"uJ19be notranslate\" data-wiz-uids=\"rUHdf_1d,rUHdf_1e\" data-processed=\"true\"><span class=\"vKEkVd\" data-animation-atomic=\"\" data-wiz-attrbind=\"class=rUHdf_1c\/TKHnVd\" data-processed=\"true\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-processed=\"true\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"Y3BBE\" data-hveid=\"CAQQAA\" data-processed=\"true\">\u00a0\u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 12 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u094c\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u091c\u0935\u093e\u092c\u0926\u0947\u0939 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<span class=\"uJ19be notranslate\" data-wiz-uids=\"rUHdf_1n,rUHdf_1o\" data-processed=\"true\"><span class=\"vKEkVd\" data-animation-atomic=\"\" data-wiz-attrbind=\"class=rUHdf_1m\/TKHnVd\" data-processed=\"true\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-processed=\"true\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<h3 data-hveid=\"CAQQAA\" data-processed=\"true\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 12 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093f\u091f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u092b\u0948\u0938\u0932\u0947 :<\/h3>\n<h3 data-hveid=\"CAQQAA\" data-processed=\"true\">\u0930\u093f\u091f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f<\/h3>\n<div data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-hveid=\"CAQQAA\" data-processed=\"true\">1. \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 12 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f (Introduction to Article 12 and Its Definition) \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 12 &#8220;\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f&#8221; (State) \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u0926, \u0939\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932, \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/div>\n<div data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-hveid=\"CAQQAA\" data-processed=\"true\">\u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u092f\u0939 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0916\u093f\u0932\u093e\u092b \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 32 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u092e\u094c\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 226 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0930\u093f\u091f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/div>\n<div data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-hveid=\"CAQQAA\" data-processed=\"true\">2. \u0905\u0902\u0921\u0940 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0926\u094d\u0917\u0941\u0930\u0941 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u093e: \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 226 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 (Broadening of Article 226 in Andi Mukta Sadguru Case) Andi Mukta Sadguru Shree Muktajee Vandas Swami Suvarna Jayanti Mahotsav Smarak Trust \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e V.R. Rudani \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0924\u092e \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0928\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0930\u093f\u091f \u090f\u0915 \u0917\u0948\u0930-\u0935\u0948\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 (Non-statutory) \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0916\u093f\u0932\u093e\u092b \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/div>\n<div data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-hveid=\"CAQQAA\" data-processed=\"true\">\u0905\u0926\u093e\u0932\u0924 \u0928\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0930\u093f\u091f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092f\u0939 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u093e \u091c\u0930\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f (Public Duty) \u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/div>\n<div data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-hveid=\"CAQQAA\" data-processed=\"true\">\u2022 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u094b\u0930 (Emphasis on Public Duty): \u0930\u093f\u091f \u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0935\u0948\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/div>\n<div data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-hveid=\"CAQQAA\" data-processed=\"true\">\u2022 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 (Impact on Educational Institutions): \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0925\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u093f\u091f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/div>\n<div data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-hveid=\"CAQQAA\" data-processed=\"true\">3. \u091c\u093c\u0940 \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u092b\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092e\u094d\u0938 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u093e: \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 12 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (Testing the Limits of Article 12 in Zee Telefilms Case) Zee Telefilms Ltd. \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e Union of India \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0924\u092e \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0928\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0935\u093e\u0932 \u0909\u0920\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0947\u091f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921 (BCCI) \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 12 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 &#8220;\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f&#8221; \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/div>\n<div data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-hveid=\"CAQQAA\" data-processed=\"true\">\u0905\u0926\u093e\u0932\u0924 \u0928\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0915\u093f BCCI \u0915\u094b &#8220;\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f&#8221; \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 226 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u0930\u093f\u091f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0932\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/div>\n<div data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-hveid=\"CAQQAA\" data-processed=\"true\">\u2022 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 (Public Function Doctrine): \u092f\u0926\u093f \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f (Private Body) \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u091c\u0935\u093e\u092c\u0926\u0947\u0939 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u2022<\/div>\n<div data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-hveid=\"CAQQAA\" data-processed=\"true\">\u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 (Available Remedies): \u0905\u0926\u093e\u0932\u0924 \u0928\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u092d\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 32 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u0939\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0928 \u0939\u094b, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 226 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/div>\n<div data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-hveid=\"CAQQAA\" data-processed=\"true\">4. \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 226 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 (Judicial Review in the Context of Article 226) Janet Jeyapaul \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e SRM University \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u0947 \u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u093f\u091f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/div>\n<div data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-hveid=\"CAQQAA\" data-processed=\"true\">\u092f\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u092a\u0930 \u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0915 &#8220;\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f&#8221; (Deemed University) \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 226 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u0940 \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/div>\n<div data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-hveid=\"CAQQAA\" data-processed=\"true\">\u2022 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f (Deemed University Status): SRM \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 UGC \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0925\u0940, \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928 \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/div>\n<div data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-hveid=\"CAQQAA\" data-processed=\"true\">\u2022 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 226 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 (Application of Article 226): \u0905\u0926\u093e\u0932\u0924 \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u0930\u093f\u091f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/div>\n<div data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-hveid=\"CAQQAA\" data-processed=\"true\">5. \u0905\u091c\u092f \u0939\u0938\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u093e: &#8220;\u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0923&#8221; \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e (Ajay Hasia Case: Defining &#8220;Other Authorities&#8221;) Ajay Hasia \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e Khalid Mujib Sehravardi \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0924\u092e \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0928\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 12 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 &#8220;\u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0923&#8221; \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0905\u0926\u093e\u0932\u0924 \u0928\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0926\u0902\u0921 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e:<\/div>\n<div data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-hveid=\"CAQQAA\" data-processed=\"true\">\u2022 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e (Extent of Financial Assistance): \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u2022 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 (Government Control): \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/div>\n<div data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-hveid=\"CAQQAA\" data-processed=\"true\">\u2022 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935 (Public Importance): \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 12 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/div>\n<div data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-hveid=\"CAQQAA\" data-processed=\"true\">6. \u0921\u093e\u091f\u093e\u092b\u093f\u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 (Datafin Principle and International Influence) Janet Jeyapaul \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0926\u093e\u0932\u0924 \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 R. \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e Panel on Take-overs and Mergers, ex parte Datafin Plc \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/div>\n<div data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-hveid=\"CAQQAA\" data-processed=\"true\">\u0907\u0938 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930, \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923 \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/div>\n<div data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-hveid=\"CAQQAA\" data-processed=\"true\">7. \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e (Role of Public Function in Defining Jurisdiction) \u0905\u0926\u093e\u0932\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930-\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0930\u093f\u091f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/div>\n<div data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-hveid=\"CAQQAA\" data-processed=\"true\">\u092f\u0926\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0917\u0948\u0930-\u0935\u0948\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 226 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u091c\u0935\u093e\u092c\u0926\u0947\u0939 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0964<\/div>\n<div data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-hveid=\"CAQQAA\" data-processed=\"true\">\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u092a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 12 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 226 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u093f\u091f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0927\u0940\u0930\u0947-\u0927\u0940\u0930\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/div>\n<div data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-hveid=\"CAQQAA\" data-processed=\"true\">\n<p>Andi Mukta Sadguru, Zee Telefilms, \u0914\u0930 Ajay Hasia \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092b\u0948\u0938\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0948\u0930-\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0928\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0916\u093f\u0932\u093e\u092b \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0932\u091a\u0940\u0932\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 12 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/p>\n<div class=\"hero-section is-width-constrained\" data-type=\"type-1\">\n<header class=\"entry-header\">\n<h1 class=\"page-title\"><span dir=\"auto\">\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 12 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 &#8216;\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f&#8217;<\/span><\/h1>\n<\/header>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"entry-content is-layout-flow\">\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 12 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917 III \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 &#8220;\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f&#8221; \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0925\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0928 \u0939\u094b, &#8220;\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f&#8221; \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902: &#8211;<\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span dir=\"auto\">\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u0926, \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u0938\u0902\u0918 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span dir=\"auto\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940<\/span><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0\u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932\u00a0, \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span dir=\"auto\">\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0942\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span dir=\"auto\">\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">\u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930, &#8220;\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f&#8221; \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0918 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0905\u0924\u0903, \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u00a0<\/span><span dir=\"auto\">\u092e\u094c\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947<\/span><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0\u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0902\u0918\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u0940 \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span dir=\"auto\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 12 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902, &#8220;\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930&#8221; \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928, \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936, \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, \u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0926\u093f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"the-term-local-authority-includes\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0\u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span dir=\"auto\">&#8220;\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0923&#8221; \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0917\u0930\u092a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0932\u093e \u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921, \u092a\u0902\u091a\u093e\u092f\u0924\u0947\u0902, \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0914\u0930\u00a0<\/span><span dir=\"auto\">\u0916<\/span><span dir=\"auto\">\u0928<\/span><span dir=\"auto\">\u0928<\/span><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0\u092c\u0902\u0926\u094b\u092c\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"the-court-laid-down-the-following-tests-for-determining-whether-a-body-is-an-agency-or-instrumentality-of-the-government--rd-shetty-case\" class=\"wp-block-heading active\"><span dir=\"auto\">\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0928\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u091c\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902: &#8211;\u00a0<\/span><strong><span dir=\"auto\">(\u0906\u0930\u0921\u0940 \u0936\u0947\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u093e)<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span dir=\"auto\">\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0939\u0940 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u0928\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0936\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u0902\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span dir=\"auto\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0939\u0928 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span dir=\"auto\">\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a 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dir=\"auto\">\u0905\u0926\u093e\u0932\u0924 \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u0915\u093f \u092c\u0940\u0938\u0940\u0938\u0940\u0906\u0908 \u0906\u0930\u0921\u0940 \u0936\u0947\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0926\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"judiciary-is-included-in-the-word-state-article-12\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u092a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b \u201c\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u201d \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0(\u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 12):<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\"><strong>\u090f\u0906\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0906\u0930\u090f\u0938 \u0928\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u0947<\/strong>\u00a0\u092e\u0947\u0902\u00a0\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u091a\u094d\u091a\u00a0<\/span><span dir=\"auto\">\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0928\u0947<\/span><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0\u0938\u093e\u0924 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0927\u0940\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u092b\u0948\u0938\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u094c\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0902\u0918\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">\u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 12 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 &#8220;\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f&#8221; \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u092a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092d\u0940 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, 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