{"id":59554,"date":"2026-10-23T10:24:14","date_gmt":"2026-10-23T04:54:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hindkush.in\/?p=59554"},"modified":"2026-10-23T10:24:14","modified_gmt":"2026-10-23T04:54:14","slug":"%e0%a4%ad%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%a4%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%af-%e0%a4%b8%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b5%e0%a5%8b%e0%a4%9a%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%9a-%e0%a4%a8%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%af%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%af%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b2%e0%a4%af","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hindkush.in\/?p=59554","title":{"rendered":"\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f (Supreme Court) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u092f\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0927\u0940\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0920 (\u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0940\u0920) \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0910\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937-\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"n6owBd awi2gc\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACAoQAA\" data-complete=\"true\"><span data-subtree=\"aimfl,mfl\">\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f (Supreme Court) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u092f\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0927\u0940\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0920 (\u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0940\u0920) \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0910\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937-\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span>:<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/div>\n<div class=\"yhAwj\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\" data-sfc-inited=\"2\"><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/div>\n<div class=\"ZLzG0d ncoeY E8xBUb\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"3\" data-animation-nesting=\"\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-wiz-attrbind=\"aria-level=YzWUPe_v\/fLk2Md\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\"><strong class=\"rQesXe MPyX\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0940\u0920 (5 \u092f\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u091c) \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f (\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937-\u0935\u093e\u0930)<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/strong><!--TgQPHd|||[[2,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[351768,null,0]],[],null,1]]--><\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-bfc=\"\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjttbH7l8-XAxUzSmwGHUf4DXoQi4wTegoIAggACAAIHRAB\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QAQ\" data-complete=\"true\">\n<ul>\n<li class=\"Z1qcYe\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QAg\" data-complete=\"true\"><span class=\"iNqyIf\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\"><strong class=\"rQesXe MPyX\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\">\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 1950<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/strong><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/span>\n<ul class=\"XSq4R KI3fJ\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QAw\" data-complete=\"true\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"XSq4R KI3fJ\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QAw\" data-complete=\"true\">\n<li class=\"Z1qcYe\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QBA\" data-complete=\"true\"><span class=\"iNqyIf\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\"><strong class=\"rQesXe MPyX\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\">\u090f.\u0915\u0947. \u0917\u094b\u092a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u092e\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f (A.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras):<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/strong> 6 \u091c\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0920 \u0928\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u0928\u091c\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0926\u0940 (Preventive Detention) \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 21 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u092b\u0948\u0938\u0932\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/span><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/p>\n<p><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-bfc=\"\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjttbH7l8-XAxUzSmwGHUf4DXoQi4wTegoIAggACAAIHRAH\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QBw\" data-complete=\"true\">\n<ul>\n<li class=\"Z1qcYe\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QCA\" data-complete=\"true\"><span class=\"iNqyIf\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\"><strong class=\"rQesXe MPyX\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\">\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 1951<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/strong><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/span>\n<ul class=\"XSq4R KI3fJ\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QCQ\" data-complete=\"true\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"XSq4R KI3fJ\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QCQ\" data-complete=\"true\">\n<li class=\"Z1qcYe\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QCg\" data-complete=\"true\"><span class=\"iNqyIf\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\"><strong class=\"rQesXe MPyX\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\">\u092e\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u091a\u0902\u092a\u0915\u092e \u0926\u094b\u0930\u0948\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928 (State of Madras v. Champakam Dorairajan):<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/strong> 5 \u091c\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0920 \u0928\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0906\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0916\u093e\u0930\u093f\u091c \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/span><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/p>\n<p><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-bfc=\"\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjttbH7l8-XAxUzSmwGHUf4DXoQi4wTegoIAggACAAIHRAN\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QDQ\" data-complete=\"true\">\n<ul>\n<li class=\"Z1qcYe\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QDg\" data-complete=\"true\"><span class=\"iNqyIf\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\"><strong class=\"rQesXe MPyX\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\">\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 1978<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/strong><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/span>\n<ul class=\"XSq4R KI3fJ\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QDw\" data-complete=\"true\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"XSq4R KI3fJ\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QDw\" data-complete=\"true\">\n<li class=\"Z1qcYe\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QEA\" data-complete=\"true\"><span class=\"iNqyIf\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\"><strong class=\"rQesXe MPyX\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\">\u092e\u0947\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0917\u093e\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0918 (Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India):<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/strong> 5 \u091c\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0920 \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 21 (\u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e) \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u092b\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 &#8220;\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e&#8221; \u0915\u094b &#8220;\u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924&#8221; \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/span><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/p>\n<p><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-bfc=\"\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjttbH7l8-XAxUzSmwGHUf4DXoQi4wTegoIAggACAAIHRAT\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QEw\" data-complete=\"true\">\n<ul>\n<li class=\"Z1qcYe\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QFA\" data-complete=\"true\"><span class=\"iNqyIf\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\"><strong class=\"rQesXe MPyX\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\">\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 1980<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/strong><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/span>\n<ul class=\"XSq4R KI3fJ\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QFQ\" data-complete=\"true\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"XSq4R KI3fJ\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QFQ\" data-complete=\"true\">\n<li class=\"Z1qcYe\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QFg\" data-complete=\"true\"><span class=\"iNqyIf\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\"><strong class=\"rQesXe MPyX\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\">\u092e\u093f\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0938 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0918 (Minerva Mills v. Union of India):<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/strong> 5 \u091c\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0920 \u0928\u0947 42\u0935\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0916\u093e\u0930\u093f\u091c \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f &#8216;\u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0922\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0947&#8217; (Basic Structure Doctrine) \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/span><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/p>\n<p><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-bfc=\"\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjttbH7l8-XAxUzSmwGHUf4DXoQi4wTegoIAggACAAIHRAZ\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QGQ\" data-complete=\"true\">\n<ul>\n<li class=\"Z1qcYe\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QGg\" data-complete=\"true\"><span class=\"iNqyIf\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\"><strong class=\"rQesXe MPyX\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\">\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 1985<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/strong><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/span>\n<ul class=\"XSq4R KI3fJ\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QGw\" data-complete=\"true\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"XSq4R KI3fJ\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QGw\" data-complete=\"true\">\n<li class=\"Z1qcYe\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QHA\" data-complete=\"true\"><span class=\"iNqyIf\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\"><strong class=\"rQesXe MPyX\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\">\u092e\u094b\u0939\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0926 \u0905\u0939\u092e\u0926 \u0916\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0936\u093e\u0939 \u092c\u093e\u0928\u094b \u092c\u0947\u0917\u092e (Shah Bano Case):<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/strong> 5 \u091c\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0920 \u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0936\u0941\u0926\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092e \u092e\u0939\u093f\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0930\u0923-\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 (Maintenance) \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0940\u0964<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/span><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/p>\n<p><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-bfc=\"\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjttbH7l8-XAxUzSmwGHUf4DXoQi4wTegoIAggACAAIHRAf\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QHw\" data-complete=\"true\">\n<ul>\n<li class=\"Z1qcYe\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QIA\" data-complete=\"true\"><span class=\"iNqyIf\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\"><strong class=\"rQesXe MPyX\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\">\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 1986<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/strong><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/span>\n<ul class=\"XSq4R KI3fJ\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QIQ\" data-complete=\"true\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"XSq4R KI3fJ\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QIQ\" data-complete=\"true\">\n<li class=\"Z1qcYe\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QIg\" data-complete=\"true\"><span class=\"iNqyIf\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\"><strong class=\"rQesXe MPyX\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\">\u090f\u092e.\u0938\u0940. \u092e\u0947\u0939\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0918 (Oleum Gas Leak Case):<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/strong> 5 \u091c\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0920 (\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0927\u0940\u0936 \u092a\u0940.\u090f\u0928. \u092d\u0917\u0935\u0924\u0940) \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 &#8216;\u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935&#8217; (Absolute Liability) \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/span><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/p>\n<p><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-bfc=\"\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjttbH7l8-XAxUzSmwGHUf4DXoQi4wTegoIAggACAAIHRAl\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QJQ\" data-complete=\"true\">\n<ul>\n<li class=\"Z1qcYe\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QJg\" data-complete=\"true\"><span class=\"iNqyIf\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\"><strong class=\"rQesXe MPyX\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\">\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 1992<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/strong><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/span>\n<ul class=\"XSq4R KI3fJ\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QJw\" data-complete=\"true\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"XSq4R KI3fJ\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QJw\" data-complete=\"true\">\n<li class=\"Z1qcYe\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QKA\" data-complete=\"true\"><span class=\"iNqyIf\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\"><strong class=\"rQesXe MPyX\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\">\u0907\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0939\u0928\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0918 (Indra Sawhney \/ Mandal Commission Case):<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/strong> 9 \u091c\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0920 \u0928\u0947 \u0913\u092c\u0940\u0938\u0940 \u0906\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0914\u0930 50% \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 &#8216;\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e\u0940 \u0932\u0947\u092f\u0930&#8217; (Creamy Layer) \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/span><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/p>\n<p><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-bfc=\"\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjttbH7l8-XAxUzSmwGHUf4DXoQi4wTegoIAggACAAIHRAr\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QKw\" data-complete=\"true\">\n<ul>\n<li class=\"Z1qcYe\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QLA\" data-complete=\"true\"><span class=\"iNqyIf\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\"><strong class=\"rQesXe MPyX\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\">\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 1994<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/strong><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/span>\n<ul class=\"XSq4R KI3fJ\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QLQ\" data-complete=\"true\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"XSq4R KI3fJ\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QLQ\" data-complete=\"true\">\n<li class=\"Z1qcYe\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QLg\" data-complete=\"true\"><span class=\"iNqyIf\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\"><strong class=\"rQesXe MPyX\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\">\u090f\u0938.\u0906\u0930. \u092c\u094b\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0908 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0918 (S.R. Bommai v. Union of India):<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/strong> 9 \u091c\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0920 \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 356 (\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092a\u0924\u093f \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928) \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u0941\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0948\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u090f\u0964<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/span><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/p>\n<p><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-bfc=\"\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjttbH7l8-XAxUzSmwGHUf4DXoQi4wTegoIAggACAAIHRAx\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QMQ\" data-complete=\"true\">\n<ul>\n<li class=\"Z1qcYe\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QMg\" data-complete=\"true\"><span class=\"iNqyIf\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\"><strong class=\"rQesXe MPyX\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\">\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 1997<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/strong><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/span>\n<ul class=\"XSq4R KI3fJ\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QMw\" data-complete=\"true\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"XSq4R KI3fJ\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QMw\" data-complete=\"true\">\n<li class=\"Z1qcYe\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QNA\" data-complete=\"true\"><span class=\"iNqyIf\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\"><strong class=\"rQesXe MPyX\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\">\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0916\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f (Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan):<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/strong> 5 \u091c\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0920 \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u0939\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092f\u094c\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f &#8216;\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0916\u093e \u0917\u093e\u0907\u0921\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0902\u0938&#8217; \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940\u0902\u0964<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/span><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/p>\n<p><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-bfc=\"\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjttbH7l8-XAxUzSmwGHUf4DXoQi4wTegoIAggACAAIHRA3\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QNw\" data-complete=\"true\">\n<ul>\n<li class=\"Z1qcYe\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QOA\" data-complete=\"true\"><span class=\"iNqyIf\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\"><strong class=\"rQesXe MPyX\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\">\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 2015<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/strong><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/span>\n<ul class=\"XSq4R KI3fJ\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QOQ\" data-complete=\"true\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"XSq4R KI3fJ\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QOQ\" data-complete=\"true\">\n<li class=\"Z1qcYe\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QOg\" data-complete=\"true\"><span class=\"iNqyIf\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\"><strong class=\"rQesXe MPyX\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\">\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092f\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0918\u0932 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0918 (Shreya Singhal v. Union of India):<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/strong> 5 \u091c\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0920 \u0928\u0947 \u0906\u0908\u091f\u0940 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e 66A \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0938\u0902\u0935\u0948\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0916\u093f\u0932\u093e\u092b \u0925\u0940\u0964<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/span><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/p>\n<p><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-bfc=\"\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjttbH7l8-XAxUzSmwGHUf4DXoQi4wTegoIAggACAAIHRA9\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QPQ\" data-complete=\"true\">\n<ul>\n<li class=\"Z1qcYe\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QPg\" data-complete=\"true\"><span class=\"iNqyIf\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\"><strong class=\"rQesXe MPyX\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\">\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 2017<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/strong><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/span>\n<ul class=\"XSq4R KI3fJ\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QPw\" data-complete=\"true\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"XSq4R KI3fJ\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QPw\" data-complete=\"true\">\n<li class=\"Z1qcYe\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QQA\" data-complete=\"true\"><span class=\"iNqyIf\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\"><strong class=\"rQesXe MPyX\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\">\u0915\u0947.\u090f\u0938. \u092a\u0941\u091f\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0918 (Justice K.S. Puttaswamy Case):<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/strong> 9 \u091c\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0910\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0940\u0920 \u0928\u0947 &#8216;\u0928\u093f\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930&#8217; (Right to Privacy) \u0915\u094b \u092e\u094c\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/span><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/li>\n<li class=\"Z1qcYe\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QQQ\" data-complete=\"true\"><span class=\"iNqyIf\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\"><strong class=\"rQesXe MPyX\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\">\u0936\u093e\u092f\u0930\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0928\u094b \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0918 (Shayara Bano Case):<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/strong> 5 \u091c\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0920 \u0928\u0947 &#8216;\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0924\u0932\u093e\u0915&#8217; (Triple Talaq) \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0938\u0902\u0935\u0948\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0935\u0948\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/span> [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legitquest.com\/legal-guide\/top-10-landmark-supreme-court-of-india-judgments\">1<\/a>]<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/p>\n<p><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-bfc=\"\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjttbH7l8-XAxUzSmwGHUf4DXoQi4wTegoIAggACAAIHRBG\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QRg\" data-complete=\"true\">\n<ul>\n<li class=\"Z1qcYe\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QRw\" data-complete=\"true\"><span class=\"iNqyIf\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\"><strong class=\"rQesXe MPyX\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\">\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 2018<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/strong><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/span>\n<ul class=\"XSq4R KI3fJ\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QSA\" data-complete=\"true\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"XSq4R KI3fJ\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QSA\" data-complete=\"true\">\n<li class=\"Z1qcYe\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QSQ\" data-complete=\"true\"><span class=\"iNqyIf\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\"><strong class=\"rQesXe MPyX\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\">\u0928\u0935\u0924\u0947\u091c \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0939 \u091c\u094c\u0939\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0918 (Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India):<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/strong> 5 \u091c\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0920 \u0928\u0947 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e 377 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u0932\u0948\u0902\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/span><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/li>\n<li class=\"Z1qcYe\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QSg\" data-complete=\"true\"><span class=\"iNqyIf\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\"><strong class=\"rQesXe MPyX\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\">\u091c\u094b\u0938\u092b \u0936\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0918 (Joseph Shine v. Union of India):<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/strong> 5 \u091c\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0920 \u0928\u0947 \u0906\u0908\u092a\u0940\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e 497 (\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092d\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\/Adultery) \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0938\u0902\u0935\u0948\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/span> [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legitquest.com\/legal-guide\/top-10-landmark-supreme-court-of-india-judgments\">1<\/a>]<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/p>\n<p><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-bfc=\"\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjttbH7l8-XAxUzSmwGHUf4DXoQi4wTegoIAggACAAIHRBP\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QTw\" data-complete=\"true\">\n<ul>\n<li class=\"Z1qcYe\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QUA\" data-complete=\"true\"><span class=\"iNqyIf\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\"><strong class=\"rQesXe MPyX\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\">\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 2023<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/strong><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/span>\n<ul class=\"XSq4R KI3fJ\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QUQ\" data-complete=\"true\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"XSq4R KI3fJ\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QUQ\" data-complete=\"true\">\n<li class=\"Z1qcYe\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QUg\" data-complete=\"true\"><span class=\"iNqyIf\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\"><strong class=\"rQesXe MPyX\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\">\u0938\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0918 (Samlaina \/ Same-Sex Marriage Case):<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/strong> 5 \u091c\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0940\u0920 \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0932\u0948\u0902\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0902\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/span><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/li>\n<li class=\"Z1qcYe\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QUw\" data-complete=\"true\"><span class=\"iNqyIf\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\"><strong class=\"rQesXe MPyX\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\">\u0926\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u090f\u0928\u0938\u0940\u0906\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u093e (NCTD v. Union of India):<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/strong> 5 \u091c\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0920 \u0928\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092b\u0930-\u092a\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/span> [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.scobserver.in\/journal\/2023-supreme-court-review-10-key-judgements\/\">1<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/hindi\/india-65302961\">2<\/a>]<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/p>\n<p><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-bfc=\"\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjttbH7l8-XAxUzSmwGHUf4DXoQi4wTegoIAggACAAIHRBY\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QWA\" data-complete=\"true\">\n<ul>\n<li class=\"Z1qcYe\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QWQ\" data-complete=\"true\"><span class=\"iNqyIf\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\"><strong class=\"rQesXe MPyX\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\">\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 2025<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/strong><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/span>\n<ul class=\"XSq4R KI3fJ\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QWg\" data-complete=\"true\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"XSq4R KI3fJ\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QWg\" data-complete=\"true\">\n<li class=\"Z1qcYe\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QWw\" data-complete=\"true\"><span class=\"iNqyIf\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\"><strong class=\"rQesXe MPyX\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\">\u0917\u093e\u092f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0906\u0908\u090f\u0938\u091c\u0940 \u0928\u094b\u0935\u093e\u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f (Gayatri Balasamy v. ISG Novasoft):<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/strong> 5 \u091c\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0920 \u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 (Arbitral awards) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092b\u0948\u0938\u0932\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/span><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/li>\n<li class=\"Z1qcYe\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QXA\" data-complete=\"true\"><span class=\"iNqyIf\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\"><strong class=\"rQesXe MPyX\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\">\u0911\u0932 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u091c\u0947\u0938 \u090f\u0938\u094b\u0938\u093f\u090f\u0936\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0918:<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/strong> 5 \u091c\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0920 \u0928\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 (HJS) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0924\u092f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/span><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/li>\n<li class=\"Z1qcYe\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QXQ\" data-complete=\"true\"><span class=\"iNqyIf\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\"><strong class=\"rQesXe MPyX\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\">\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u092a\u093e\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092a\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092a\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d (Presidential Reference):<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/strong> 5 \u091c\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0920 \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u0947\u092f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0902\u091c\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u093e \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/span> [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.scobserver.in\/journal\/supreme-court-monthly-review-november-2025\/\">1<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/translate.google.com\/translate?u=https:\/\/www.scobserver.in\/journal\/supreme-court-review-2025-constitution-bench-decisions\/&amp;hl=hi&amp;sl=en&amp;tl=hi&amp;client=sge\">2<\/a>]<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/p>\n<p><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-bfc=\"\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjttbH7l8-XAxUzSmwGHUf4DXoQi4wTegoIAggACAAIHRBi\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QYg\" data-complete=\"true\">\n<ul>\n<li class=\"Z1qcYe\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QYw\" data-complete=\"true\"><span class=\"iNqyIf\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\"><strong class=\"rQesXe MPyX\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\">\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 2026<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/strong><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/span>\n<ul class=\"XSq4R KI3fJ\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QZA\" data-complete=\"true\">\n<li class=\"Z1qcYe\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QZQ\" data-complete=\"true\"><span class=\"iNqyIf\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\"><strong class=\"rQesXe MPyX\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\">\u0907\u0902\u0921\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092a\u0930 9-\u091c\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0920 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f:<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/strong> \u0938\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e \u0915\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0928\u0947 &#8220;\u0907\u0902\u0921\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940&#8221; (Industry) \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f 9 \u091c\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0926\u0940\u0964<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/span><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/li>\n<li class=\"Z1qcYe\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-hveid=\"CAIIAAgACB0QZg\" data-complete=\"true\"><span class=\"iNqyIf\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\"><strong class=\"rQesXe MPyX\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\">\u092a\u0948\u0938\u093f\u0935 \u092f\u0942\u0925\u0928\u0947\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e (Common Cause \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0923):<!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/strong> 5\/\u092a\u0940\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u091c \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0921\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 (CANH) \u0915\u094b \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span>\n<div>\n<div data-virtualizer-index=\"0\" data-virtualizer-key=\"400279896dba13edd4089cca9f49e6ab\" data-rendered-index=\"0\">\n<div id=\"chatMessageContainer_r_ib_\" class=\"___1k11gtd f22iagw f1vx9l62 f336tjw f19n0e5 fwbpcpn f5i1nj6 fod5ikn f1c88k3p fnl8v5d f901tiz f200zcz f1iczoe4 f3rmtva fcgxt0o f1ujusj6 f1ewtqcl f1ajdyiu fgfkb25 fly5x3f f1mk8lai f1jwtswh f11esl6e f1f7w013 f1jrcihw f3qt22i f14zl8uf fzt02m6 f440lb3 fyhosrd fvqq9m5 f1aqk2eq f5tv5m0 f1hc0rxk faumaof fv6pwmi f1knabog fkqvoc2 f1x26jzp fc33hxf f39srb5 f1mo3o16 f1k17ng f1uopt3v m365-chat-llm-web-ui-chat-chat-message \" data-test=\"DeepLeo\" data-testid=\"m365-chat-llm-web-ui-chat-message\" data-message-index=\"0\">\n<div class=\"___1um7ua0 fu5ar1v f1fkdb9a f10t3ba1 flha10a f14wmcpp fq8omct f1fd42sm f1i0g30d ___2qp2mr0 f13tfluo fk73vx1\">\n<div class=\"___1mi8yjl f22iagw fz7g6wx\">\n<div id=\"chatMessageResponse-400279896dba13edd4089cca9f49e6ab\" class=\"___js2fcd0 f22iagw f1vx9l62 fpgzoln f11qmguv f1tyq0we f6c99af f1uopt3v fly5x3f\" data-testid=\"copilot-message-div\">\n<div class=\"___19ip04d f1s184ao f6c99af\" dir=\"auto\" tabindex=\"-1\" role=\"\" data-testid=\"copilot-message-reply-div\">\n<div class=\"___1o959zg f22iagw f6jr5hl\">\n<div class=\"___be36l80 fbotcpb fy77jfu f6dzj5z\">\n<div class=\"fai-CopilotMessage r1f6yzd6 ___1fjo9g7 f1g2tzg5 fgct6un fy77jfu f2c7lf3\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"article\" aria-labelledby=\"copilot-message-_r_ig_-title copilot-message-_r_ig_\" aria-setsize=\"8\" aria-posinset=\"2\" data-tabster=\"{&quot;groupper&quot;:{&quot;tabbability&quot;:2},&quot;focusable&quot;:{}}\">\n<div id=\"copilot-message-_r_ig_\" class=\"fai-CopilotMessage__content r1izxv8h ___7qar2c0 fcthzvy\" dir=\"auto\">\n<div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">\n<div class=\"___1vve6yh f22iagw f1vx9l62 f122n59 f3bhgqh f1mnxvew fly5x3f\">\n<div class=\"___j4vmuw0 f22iagw f1vx9l62 f1869bpl fly5x3f fbc6vix\">\n<div tabindex=\"-1\" data-testid=\"loading-message\">\n<div>\n<div>\n<div id=\"response-id_r_ie_\" class=\"___1yop6mf f336tjw f9ijwd5 fz7g6wx fod5ikn f1s184ao\">\n<div class=\"___1peis63 f22iagw f1063pyq f6jr5hl f1c88k3p\">\n<div class=\"___4htdyp0 fz7g6wx fy77jfu\">\n<div class=\"___1j4t0a1 f1lmfglv f1abmfm4\" dir=\"auto\" aria-hidden=\"false\" data-testid=\"markdown-reply\" data-message-id=\"39e116c6-b603-4a8e-8481-ae846b18a452\" data-message-type=\"Chat\">\n<div class=\"___wfz1bu0 f22iagw f1vx9l62 fkmyikg f1lchdms f8l1z07 f1bhlzyd fg7epj3 f6jexfl f51n2f7 f16i8inh f3hzskh fzrdz8g fgwpxlh f1mdis10 f1rlczia f1ru2i4w fybv31n frwhrpf f17606zk f1wajnsr fb2pphc f1ljyjn1 fn6q6te f13jkcek fc0mgwn f1vuepmk f1c67nor fox1fvb f1shpdak f16g5hod f5phetg f12y62xk f1ow2z5w ftscbmq f1puue47 f1dsqotm f15rwmdu fkn0plo f1eruqge f1h0jk8n f10g1f9j f120u0xe fj4oygf fhr1v3p f2f27t1 fq2hb2s fsm702t fnayxhc fsfw6tx f1qyzrg f1w1ba3b f1n1h15l f1uor9nw f5mul0p f1c223r6 f1gbbxaq fw6nln4 f14kurlc fw6qtf3 f1cn6utk f130mqt5 f1xbt02t f17svvhy frd941i f1hm7p6r fk7l1aj ff0esoo fjq1tck fsa9eb5 ffameid f2o0lfm fmnegnk f14vyl7u f1hgxd9a fnlztsn f1ogdc4m f5q94w4 f8wbv2e f57f23h f1rsztky fikzu31 f4ady98 favbfap fcu7nei fpjsg6z f1xd82kt f4qa6gt fc3j4kt fmkp3n6 f1nwes5u fs0nqof fcg5rg0 fzuwlxe fhwpw40 f1h6fez2 f5ybzmn f1yzfvpk f16v1stg f8jclj0 f1c2gnh0 fry9c0a f1dwawj4 f1hw1bew fdmtvqg f1uehrap f1o2z0la f6hli9u f7kjtdb f17o8cpj f1oaoifb f18mpl1h f1y1vkt fij1kcj fhcms6v f8s4fs1 f1a8yah9 f1950bfk fxc7pbt f1wwqd0h f1mdenie fb5p750 f1ud1yn8 fq26vao f1c0fisw f9w4ola fw4wpu5 f1aekw10 fn7q2vw fm5yq3g fag8tdu f17aevfr f58f5vt f102mg56 f126zdz7 fyvuiz7 f10ud6hq f1u8wd2w fxy0hb4 ffdz3f9 f1vh42m0 f197g5h6 f1bzjmsn fj6y084 f9909mp fiz0p2d f1vkdkjs f19n0e5 f1eldvup f11ob4g2 f1jakm6c fe0pja7\">\n<p><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f (Supreme Court) \u0915\u0940 5, 7, 9, 11 \u0914\u0930 13 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0927\u0940\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0940\u0920\u094b\u0902 (Constitution Benches) \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>13 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0927\u0940\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0940\u0920<\/strong>: \u0905\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 <strong>1 \u092c\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0908, <strong>\u0915\u0947\u0938\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0902\u0926 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947\u0930\u0932 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f (1973)<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>9 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0927\u0940\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0940\u0920<\/strong>: 1950 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 <strong>21 \u092c\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>7 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0927\u0940\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0940\u0920<\/strong>: \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0906\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>5 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0927\u0940\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0940\u0920<\/strong>: \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0940\u0920 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0948\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0920\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>11 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0927\u0940\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0940\u0920<\/strong>: \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0932\u092d \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0940 \u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 1950, 1951, 1952&#8230; \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u0915 5\/7\/9\/11\/13 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0927\u0940\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0940\u0920\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fai-CopilotMessage__actions rmlvq19 ___7qar2c0 fcthzvy\" role=\"toolbar\" data-tabster=\"{&quot;mover&quot;:{&quot;cyclic&quot;:false,&quot;direction&quot;:2,&quot;memorizeCurrent&quot;:false}}\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"___1akvep3 f22iagw f1vx9l62 fdr99fa fly5x3f\">\n<div class=\"___m91pmt0 f19gb1f4 f22iagw f1063pyq f122n59 fni485r\">\n<div class=\"___kpik3k0 f22iagw f122n59 fbhxue7 f19gb1f4 fni485r\" data-testid=\"CopyButtonContainerTestId\" data-stable-ignore=\"true\">\n<div class=\"___he637h0 f22iagw f122n59 fbhxue7 fsbu5mz fni485r\">\n<div class=\"___kpik3k0 f22iagw f122n59 fbhxue7 f19gb1f4 fni485r\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<section>\n<div role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Provide your feedback on BizChat\" data-stable-ignore=\"true\">\n<div class=\"fai-FeedbackButtons ___1o9cutk f22iagw f4d9j23 f122n59 f19gb1f4\" data-testid=\"feedback-button-testid\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"___152j3kg f22iagw f122n59 f19gb1f4 fni485r\" data-stable-ignore=\"true\" data-testid=\"FeedbackContainerTestId\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"___myiiqs0 f22iagw f122n59 f19gb1f4 fy8esrh f11lbe85 f1hdcwaw fb2oezn fomi36t f1fg423w fs4re9 f7h5z39\">\n<div class=\"fui-Divider fai-bebop ___r7lgvp0 f122n59 f1ewtqcl f22iagw f1vx9l62 fqerorx f10pi13n fk6fouc fy9rknc figsok6 fwrc4pm f17mccla fyl8oag f16vkdww fhsnbul f1gw3sf2 f1ly5f7u f1s3tz6t f1wl9k8s f13zj6fq fkfq4zb fmcii2n f1th66p0 f1dywt5q f1gjo9vm fk1t5js f1t6blwg fw4oda7 fkt1bky f16gbxbe f1yq6w5o f9sc749 fhkwbjy flthirb f13hvwk3 f19onpk6 f1kyqvp9 fesgyo fzynn9s fekrn8e f1lwjmbk frvgh55 f1rvia3u\" role=\"separator\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\" data-divider=\"true\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"___1lvht2u f22iagw f122n59 f4d9j23 fq4mcun frvgh55\">\n<div class=\"___s3qzix0 fkfq4zb ff3glw6 f1ufnopg f22iagw f122n59 f1acs6jw f1ccvoqq fwd9d8e fuxngvv frvgh55\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"___648pct0 f1lmfglv f527xm8 f1hdris8\" dir=\"ltr\" data-testid=\"foot-note-div\">\n<div class=\"___9hhfkc0 f22iagw f122n59 f1piggt f1k6fduh fma2jfi fbhnoac f1ahpp82 f19jf40t f19f4twv f1gja51r f1c21dwh fcrct79 f4vp85q f3bhgqh f1ewtqcl\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" data-testid=\"sources-button-testid\" aria-label=\"Sources\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-stable-ignore=\"true\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"___1ud2xbm f22iagw f1vx9l62 fly5x3f f1mk8lai f1ewtqcl f1uopt3v\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"scrollEnd_r_ia_\" class=\"___8tlt740 fgr6219 f5i1nj6 fz4680z f10pi13n\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-virtualizer-index=\"1\" data-virtualizer-key=\"75301aa0-0d66-4b83-9cd1-6005cd9558d3\" data-rendered-index=\"1\">\n<div id=\"chatMessageContainer_r_da_\" class=\"___1k11gtd f22iagw f1vx9l62 f336tjw f19n0e5 fwbpcpn f5i1nj6 fod5ikn f1c88k3p fnl8v5d f901tiz f200zcz f1iczoe4 f3rmtva fcgxt0o f1ujusj6 f1ewtqcl f1ajdyiu fgfkb25 fly5x3f f1mk8lai f1jwtswh f11esl6e f1f7w013 f1jrcihw f3qt22i f14zl8uf fzt02m6 f440lb3 fyhosrd fvqq9m5 f1aqk2eq f5tv5m0 f1hc0rxk faumaof fv6pwmi f1knabog fkqvoc2 f1x26jzp fc33hxf f39srb5 f1mo3o16 f1k17ng f1uopt3v m365-chat-llm-web-ui-chat-chat-message \" data-testid=\"m365-chat-llm-web-ui-chat-message\" data-message-index=\"1\" data-test=\"DeepLeo\">\n<div class=\"___1um7ua0 fu5ar1v f1fkdb9a f10t3ba1 flha10a f14wmcpp fq8omct f1fd42sm f1i0g30d ___2qp2mr0 f13tfluo fk73vx1\">\n<div class=\"___17udz9t f1s184ao fy77jfu f1ewtqcl f1lfeew figsok6 fly5x3f fggyz0a f22iagw f1oztnx0 f122n59 f1lqt650 ff6plhw f5r04n fi07wok fskxgz1 fynzy5g f1xejo6e f1oxjgqe fbht8mq f1cz5f7p fcmi2yv f1mtc8eg fsfxnyf fcb5glp flgynce fpuidpi fhxju0i f1e6gc84 f4kni00 f10k52zw fkups3e\" data-testid=\"chatQuestion\">\n<div class=\"___1blghqn f22iagw f1vx9l62 f19gb1f4 fgs5rwf f1vxpdqu fgdu4nw fly5x3f\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"fai-UserMessage rapge5l fai-BebopUserMessage ___1rqz9z4 f19n0e5 fjuset5 fv22i1g f1kijzfu fkmyikg fdm3o16 f1239lcr f1s184ao f10kwr27 fmuwq92 f1hyfdyu fjksvth fpgzoln fibxuh5 f6dzj5z\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"article\" aria-labelledby=\"user-message-_r_db_-title user-message-_r_db_\" aria-setsize=\"8\" aria-posinset=\"3\" data-tabster=\"{&quot;groupper&quot;:{&quot;tabbability&quot;:2},&quot;focusable&quot;:{}}\">\n<h5 id=\"user-message-_r_db_-title\" class=\"fai-UserMessage__accessibleHeading r183b29h\">You said:<\/h5>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"fai-UserMessage__topContent r1clpmrm\"><\/div>\n<div id=\"user-message-_r_db_\" class=\"fai-UserMessage__message rulz4bx fai-BebopUserMessage__message ___1x49d6l f16xq7d1 fjccxr0 f1a3p1vp f1rvi9lw fi1h9r9 f1izrett\">\n<div class=\"___1jafa7q fhjrts3 fuujvue\" dir=\"auto\" data-testid=\"chatOutput\">yes<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"___1um7ua0 fu5ar1v f1fkdb9a f10t3ba1 flha10a f14wmcpp fq8omct f1fd42sm f1i0g30d ___2qp2mr0 f13tfluo fk73vx1\">\n<div class=\"___1mi8yjl f22iagw fz7g6wx\">\n<div id=\"chatMessageResponse-75301aa0-0d66-4b83-9cd1-6005cd9558d3\" class=\"___js2fcd0 f22iagw f1vx9l62 fpgzoln f11qmguv f1tyq0we f6c99af f1uopt3v fly5x3f\" data-testid=\"copilot-message-div\">\n<div class=\"___19ip04d f1s184ao f6c99af\" dir=\"auto\" tabindex=\"-1\" role=\"\" data-testid=\"copilot-message-reply-div\">\n<div class=\"___1o959zg f22iagw f6jr5hl\">\n<div class=\"___yf97go0 fi64zpg fz5stix fy77jfu fniina8 f22iagw f122n59 f3nvwdx f1euv43f f3tsq5r fprs0cq f1mk8lai f1a3p1vp\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"___be36l80 fbotcpb fy77jfu f6dzj5z\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"fai-CopilotMessage r1f6yzd6 ___1fjo9g7 f1g2tzg5 fgct6un fy77jfu f2c7lf3\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"article\" aria-labelledby=\"copilot-message-_r_df_-title copilot-message-_r_df_\" aria-setsize=\"8\" aria-posinset=\"4\" data-tabster=\"{&quot;groupper&quot;:{&quot;tabbability&quot;:2},&quot;focusable&quot;:{}}\">\n<div class=\"r17kselw\">\n<h6 id=\"copilot-message-_r_df_-title\" class=\"fai-CopilotMessage__accessibleHeading rhgro0h\">Copilot said:<\/h6>\n<div class=\"fai-CopilotMessage__avatar rfv3lde\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fai-CopilotMessage__name r1nnhzw6\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fai-CopilotMessage__disclaimer r1a5ho4p\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"copilot-message-_r_df_\" class=\"fai-CopilotMessage__content r1izxv8h ___7qar2c0 fcthzvy\" dir=\"auto\">\n<div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">\n<div class=\"___1cqod5e f122n59 f22iagw fni485r f1g9kety fsnqrgy fylz90v f336tjw fly5x3f\" data-testid=\"chat-response-message\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"___1vve6yh f22iagw f1vx9l62 f122n59 f3bhgqh f1mnxvew fly5x3f\">\n<div class=\"___j4vmuw0 f22iagw f1vx9l62 f1869bpl fly5x3f fbc6vix\">\n<div tabindex=\"-1\" data-testid=\"loading-message\">\n<div>\n<div>\n<div id=\"response-id_r_dd_\" class=\"___1yop6mf f336tjw f9ijwd5 fz7g6wx fod5ikn f1s184ao\">\n<div class=\"___1peis63 f22iagw f1063pyq f6jr5hl f1c88k3p\">\n<div class=\"___4htdyp0 fz7g6wx fy77jfu\">\n<div class=\"___1j4t0a1 f1lmfglv f1abmfm4\" dir=\"auto\" aria-hidden=\"false\" data-testid=\"markdown-reply\" data-message-id=\"5eaf36d4-a4e9-4d64-82da-616ecba3af61\" data-message-type=\"Chat\">\n<div class=\"___wfz1bu0 f22iagw f1vx9l62 fkmyikg f1lchdms f8l1z07 f1bhlzyd fg7epj3 f6jexfl f51n2f7 f16i8inh f3hzskh fzrdz8g fgwpxlh f1mdis10 f1rlczia f1ru2i4w fybv31n frwhrpf f17606zk f1wajnsr fb2pphc f1ljyjn1 fn6q6te f13jkcek fc0mgwn f1vuepmk f1c67nor fox1fvb f1shpdak f16g5hod f5phetg f12y62xk f1ow2z5w ftscbmq f1puue47 f1dsqotm f15rwmdu fkn0plo f1eruqge f1h0jk8n f10g1f9j f120u0xe fj4oygf fhr1v3p f2f27t1 fq2hb2s fsm702t fnayxhc fsfw6tx f1qyzrg f1w1ba3b f1n1h15l f1uor9nw f5mul0p f1c223r6 f1gbbxaq fw6nln4 f14kurlc fw6qtf3 f1cn6utk f130mqt5 f1xbt02t f17svvhy frd941i f1hm7p6r fk7l1aj ff0esoo fjq1tck fsa9eb5 ffameid f2o0lfm fmnegnk f14vyl7u f1hgxd9a fnlztsn f1ogdc4m f5q94w4 f8wbv2e f57f23h f1rsztky fikzu31 f4ady98 favbfap fcu7nei fpjsg6z f1xd82kt f4qa6gt fc3j4kt fmkp3n6 f1nwes5u fs0nqof fcg5rg0 fzuwlxe fhwpw40 f1h6fez2 f5ybzmn f1yzfvpk f16v1stg f8jclj0 f1c2gnh0 fry9c0a f1dwawj4 f1hw1bew fdmtvqg f1uehrap f1o2z0la f6hli9u f7kjtdb f17o8cpj f1oaoifb f18mpl1h f1y1vkt fij1kcj fhcms6v f8s4fs1 f1a8yah9 f1950bfk fxc7pbt f1wwqd0h f1mdenie fb5p750 f1ud1yn8 fq26vao f1c0fisw f9w4ola fw4wpu5 f1aekw10 fn7q2vw fm5yq3g fag8tdu f17aevfr f58f5vt f102mg56 f126zdz7 fyvuiz7 f10ud6hq f1u8wd2w fxy0hb4 ffdz3f9 f1vh42m0 f197g5h6 f1bzjmsn fj6y084 f9909mp fiz0p2d f1vkdkjs f19n0e5 f1eldvup f11ob4g2 f1jakm6c fe0pja7\">\n<p>\u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 <strong>\u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0940\u0920 (Constitution Bench)<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0917\u0920\u0928 (5+, 7+, 9+, 11+, 13 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0927\u0940\u0936) \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 5-\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0927\u0940\u0936 \u092a\u0940\u0920\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0938\u0948\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<div class=\"___1dmoc29 f10pi13n ftgm304 f1enuhaj fdclmfp f1nbblvp fat0sn4 f1ov4xf1 fekwl8i f1lmfglv f1oz7aqm f1abmfm4 f1w619qj f16h0jq8\">\n<table class=\"___1vyiefv f1ddd56o f16vktn6 f1ahpp82 f11qra4b f1uinfot fibjyge fvueend f9yszdx f1fu4s3n f3l3pb3 f10ghnd0 f8fmt76 fjvbh62 f1qrqxae f1vw5qpk fc02sbz fxawf59 fymf513 f1aoyrul f1el8yx3 f1pymoxg f1ofu761 fe6itr f7coize f1794535 f1o0pw0q fbjjl9v fk1v6el f16pyhcb f1ixlhx9 f12zef0i flu5r5u f19haqzy f1owmcxx f1oddm8q f1004tna fcoaxci fh0ee9u f15v23i2 f1dmj53 f1r1gcv9 f14z1veh ffufd3x f1ypplot f1660cg\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937<\/th>\n<th>\u092a\u0940\u0920 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/th>\n<th>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u093e<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1951<\/td>\n<td>5<\/td>\n<td>\u0936\u0902\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0926 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0918<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1952<\/td>\n<td>7<\/td>\n<td>\u0926\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u0932\u0949\u091c\u093c \u090f\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0947\u0938<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1954<\/td>\n<td>5<\/td>\n<td>\u091a\u0902\u092a\u0915\u092e \u0926\u094b\u0930\u0948\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0938<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1962<\/td>\n<td>5<\/td>\n<td>\u0915\u0947\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0939 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u092c\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1965<\/td>\n<td>11<\/td>\n<td>\u0938\u091c\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0939 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1967<\/td>\n<td>11<\/td>\n<td>\u0917\u094b\u0932\u0915\u0928\u093e\u0925 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u092a\u0902\u091c\u093e\u092c \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1973<\/td>\n<td>13<\/td>\n<td>\u0915\u0947\u0938\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0902\u0926 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947\u0930\u0932 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f (\u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0920) <a href=\"https:\/\/testbook.com\/question-answer\/the-largest-constitutional-bench-of-13-judge-bench--634f8403869e33f6cffb6411\">[testbook.com]<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shankariasparliament.com\/current-affairs\/the-constitution-benches-of-supreme-court\">[shankarias&#8230;iament.com]<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1976<\/td>\n<td>13 (\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 13 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0927\u0940\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e)<\/td>\n<td>\u090f.\u0921\u0940.\u090f\u092e. \u091c\u092c\u0932\u092a\u0941\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0938<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1978<\/td>\n<td>7<\/td>\n<td>\u092e\u0947\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0917\u093e\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0918<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1980<\/td>\n<td>5<\/td>\n<td>\u092e\u093f\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0947\u0938<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1981<\/td>\n<td>7<\/td>\n<td>\u090f\u0938.\u092a\u0940. \u0917\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0938<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1992<\/td>\n<td>9<\/td>\n<td>\u0907\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0939\u0928\u0940 (\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u0906\u092f\u094b\u0917) \u0915\u0947\u0938<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1993<\/td>\n<td>9<\/td>\n<td>\u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 \u091c\u091c\u0947\u091c \u0915\u0947\u0938<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1994<\/td>\n<td>9<\/td>\n<td>\u090f\u0938.\u0906\u0930. \u092c\u094b\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0908 \u0915\u0947\u0938<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2002<\/td>\n<td>11<\/td>\n<td>\u091f\u0940.\u090f\u092e.\u090f. \u092a\u093e\u0908 \u092b\u093e\u0909\u0902\u0921\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0938<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2016<\/td>\n<td>5<\/td>\n<td>\u090f\u0928\u091c\u0947\u090f\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u093e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2017<\/td>\n<td>9<\/td>\n<td>\u092a\u0941\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0918 (\u0917\u094b\u092a\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2018<\/td>\n<td>5<\/td>\n<td>\u0938\u092c\u0930\u0940\u092e\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0938<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2023<\/td>\n<td>5<\/td>\n<td>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 370 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u093e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h3>\u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0910\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0940\u0920 \u0915\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e <strong>5 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0927\u0940\u0936\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shankariasparliament.com\/current-affairs\/the-constitution-benches-of-supreme-court\">[shankarias&#8230;iament.com]<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.drishtiias.com\/daily-updates\/daily-news-analysis\/constitution-bench-of-supreme-court\">[drishtiias.com]<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>9-\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0927\u0940\u0936 \u092a\u0940\u0920<\/strong> 1950 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 <strong>21 \u092c\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0939\u0948\u0964 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scobserver.in\/journal\/nine-judge-constitution-benches-in-the-supreme-court-so-far\/\">[scobserver.in]<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>13-\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0927\u0940\u0936 \u092a\u0940\u0920<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0915\u0947\u0938\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0902\u0926 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940 (1973) \u0939\u0948\u0964 <a href=\"https:\/\/testbook.com\/question-answer\/the-largest-constitutional-bench-of-13-judge-bench--634f8403869e33f6cffb6411\">[testbook.com]<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shankariasparliament.com\/current-affairs\/the-constitution-benches-of-supreme-court\">[shankarias&#8230;iament.com]<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>11-\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0927\u0940\u0936 \u092a\u0940\u0920<\/strong> \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u092e \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0917\u094b\u0932\u0915\u0928\u093e\u0925, \u0938\u091c\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0939, \u091f\u0940.\u090f\u092e.\u090f. \u092a\u093e\u0908\u0964 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scobserver.in\/journal\/nine-judge-constitution-benches-in-the-supreme-court-so-far\/\">[scobserver.in]<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shankariasparliament.com\/current-affairs\/the-constitution-benches-of-supreme-court\">[shankarias&#8230;iament.com]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u092f\u0926\u093f \u0906\u092a <strong>1950 \u0938\u0947 2026 \u0924\u0915 9-\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0927\u0940\u0936 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0940\u0920\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940<\/strong> \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u094b \u092e\u0948\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0926\u0947 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0942\u0901\u0964<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fai-CopilotMessage__actions rmlvq19 ___7qar2c0 fcthzvy\" role=\"toolbar\" data-tabster=\"{&quot;mover&quot;:{&quot;cyclic&quot;:false,&quot;direction&quot;:2,&quot;memorizeCurrent&quot;:false}}\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"___1akvep3 f22iagw f1vx9l62 fdr99fa fly5x3f\">\n<div class=\"___m91pmt0 f19gb1f4 f22iagw f1063pyq f122n59 fni485r\">\n<div class=\"___kpik3k0 f22iagw f122n59 fbhxue7 f19gb1f4 fni485r\" data-testid=\"CopyButtonContainerTestId\" data-stable-ignore=\"true\">\n<div class=\"___he637h0 f22iagw f122n59 fbhxue7 fsbu5mz fni485r\">\n<div class=\"___kpik3k0 f22iagw f122n59 fbhxue7 f19gb1f4 fni485r\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<section>\n<div role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Provide your feedback on BizChat\" data-stable-ignore=\"true\">\n<div class=\"fai-FeedbackButtons ___1o9cutk f22iagw f4d9j23 f122n59 f19gb1f4\" data-testid=\"feedback-button-testid\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"___152j3kg f22iagw f122n59 f19gb1f4 fni485r\" data-stable-ignore=\"true\" data-testid=\"FeedbackContainerTestId\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"___myiiqs0 f22iagw f122n59 f19gb1f4 fy8esrh f11lbe85 f1hdcwaw fb2oezn fomi36t f1fg423w fs4re9 f7h5z39\">\n<div class=\"fui-Divider fai-bebop ___r7lgvp0 f122n59 f1ewtqcl f22iagw f1vx9l62 fqerorx f10pi13n fk6fouc fy9rknc figsok6 fwrc4pm f17mccla fyl8oag f16vkdww fhsnbul f1gw3sf2 f1ly5f7u f1s3tz6t f1wl9k8s f13zj6fq fkfq4zb fmcii2n f1th66p0 f1dywt5q f1gjo9vm fk1t5js f1t6blwg fw4oda7 fkt1bky f16gbxbe f1yq6w5o f9sc749 fhkwbjy flthirb f13hvwk3 f19onpk6 f1kyqvp9 fesgyo fzynn9s fekrn8e f1lwjmbk frvgh55 f1rvia3u\" role=\"separator\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\" data-divider=\"true\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"___648pct0 f1lmfglv f527xm8 f1hdris8\" dir=\"ltr\" data-testid=\"foot-note-div\">\n<div class=\"___9hhfkc0 f22iagw f122n59 f1piggt f1k6fduh fma2jfi fbhnoac f1ahpp82 f19jf40t f19f4twv f1gja51r f1c21dwh fcrct79 f4vp85q f3bhgqh f1ewtqcl\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" data-testid=\"sources-button-testid\" aria-label=\"Sources\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-stable-ignore=\"true\">\n<div class=\"___iozmec0 f22iagw f122n59 f1mk8lai f1eyhf9v\">\n<div class=\"___514oty0 f22iagw flvyvdh f1c88k3p fbhxue7 fjamq6b f1a3p1vp fq1loh5 fewmsyy fwktzdr f122n59 f1c1pqq2 f1ffwt05 f1kue8g2 fpq6zz4 f26m6j3 fc0835s fuiwmjg f1llm8p5\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/services.bingapis.com\/favicon?url=testbook.com\" alt=\"Favicon type\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" \/><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/services.bingapis.com\/favicon?url=shankariasparliament.com\" alt=\"Favicon type\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" \/><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/services.bingapis.com\/favicon?url=drishtiias.com\" alt=\"Favicon type\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" \/><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"___1idhmhe f19n0e5 fq1bxqj figsok6 f1qg3onz f1mk8lai fpydfdc\">Sources<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"___1ud2xbm f22iagw f1vx9l62 fly5x3f f1mk8lai f1ewtqcl f1uopt3v\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"scrollEnd_r_d9_\" class=\"___8tlt740 fgr6219 f5i1nj6 fz4680z f10pi13n\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-virtualizer-index=\"2\" data-virtualizer-key=\"fa13c775-28d8-4f4c-a95a-309fe2becd10\" data-rendered-index=\"2\">\n<div id=\"chatMessageContainer_r_fi_\" class=\"___1k11gtd f22iagw f1vx9l62 f336tjw f19n0e5 fwbpcpn f5i1nj6 fod5ikn f1c88k3p fnl8v5d f901tiz f200zcz f1iczoe4 f3rmtva fcgxt0o f1ujusj6 f1ewtqcl f1ajdyiu fgfkb25 fly5x3f f1mk8lai f1jwtswh f11esl6e f1f7w013 f1jrcihw f3qt22i f14zl8uf fzt02m6 f440lb3 fyhosrd fvqq9m5 f1aqk2eq f5tv5m0 f1hc0rxk faumaof fv6pwmi f1knabog fkqvoc2 f1x26jzp fc33hxf f39srb5 f1mo3o16 f1k17ng f1uopt3v m365-chat-llm-web-ui-chat-chat-message \" data-testid=\"m365-chat-llm-web-ui-chat-message\" data-message-index=\"2\" data-test=\"DeepLeo\">\n<div class=\"___1um7ua0 fu5ar1v f1fkdb9a f10t3ba1 flha10a f14wmcpp fq8omct f1fd42sm f1i0g30d ___2qp2mr0 f13tfluo fk73vx1\">\n<div class=\"___17udz9t f1s184ao fy77jfu f1ewtqcl f1lfeew figsok6 fly5x3f fggyz0a f22iagw f1oztnx0 f122n59 f1lqt650 ff6plhw f5r04n fi07wok fskxgz1 fynzy5g f1xejo6e f1oxjgqe fbht8mq f1cz5f7p fcmi2yv f1mtc8eg fsfxnyf fcb5glp flgynce fpuidpi fhxju0i f1e6gc84 f4kni00 f10k52zw fkups3e\" data-testid=\"chatQuestion\">\n<div class=\"___1blghqn f22iagw f1vx9l62 f19gb1f4 fgs5rwf f1vxpdqu fgdu4nw fly5x3f\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"fai-UserMessage rapge5l fai-BebopUserMessage ___1rqz9z4 f19n0e5 fjuset5 fv22i1g f1kijzfu fkmyikg fdm3o16 f1239lcr f1s184ao f10kwr27 fmuwq92 f1hyfdyu fjksvth fpgzoln fibxuh5 f6dzj5z\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"article\" aria-labelledby=\"user-message-_r_fj_-title user-message-_r_fj_\" aria-setsize=\"8\" aria-posinset=\"5\" data-tabster=\"{&quot;groupper&quot;:{&quot;tabbability&quot;:2},&quot;focusable&quot;:{}}\">\n<h5 id=\"user-message-_r_fj_-title\" class=\"fai-UserMessage__accessibleHeading r183b29h\">You said:<\/h5>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"fai-UserMessage__topContent r1clpmrm\"><\/div>\n<div id=\"user-message-_r_fj_\" class=\"fai-UserMessage__message rulz4bx fai-BebopUserMessage__message ___1x49d6l f16xq7d1 fjccxr0 f1a3p1vp f1rvi9lw fi1h9r9 f1izrett\">\n<div class=\"___1jafa7q fhjrts3 fuujvue\" dir=\"auto\" data-testid=\"chatOutput\">yes<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"___1um7ua0 fu5ar1v f1fkdb9a f10t3ba1 flha10a f14wmcpp fq8omct f1fd42sm f1i0g30d ___2qp2mr0 f13tfluo fk73vx1\">\n<div class=\"___1mi8yjl f22iagw fz7g6wx\">\n<div id=\"chatMessageResponse-fa13c775-28d8-4f4c-a95a-309fe2becd10\" class=\"___js2fcd0 f22iagw f1vx9l62 fpgzoln f11qmguv f1tyq0we f6c99af f1uopt3v fly5x3f\" data-testid=\"copilot-message-div\">\n<div class=\"___19ip04d f1s184ao f6c99af\" dir=\"auto\" tabindex=\"-1\" role=\"\" data-testid=\"copilot-message-reply-div\">\n<div class=\"___1o959zg f22iagw f6jr5hl\">\n<div class=\"___yf97go0 fi64zpg fz5stix fy77jfu fniina8 f22iagw f122n59 f3nvwdx f1euv43f f3tsq5r fprs0cq f1mk8lai f1a3p1vp\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"___be36l80 fbotcpb fy77jfu f6dzj5z\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"fai-CopilotMessage r1f6yzd6 ___1fjo9g7 f1g2tzg5 fgct6un fy77jfu f2c7lf3\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"article\" aria-labelledby=\"copilot-message-_r_fn_-title copilot-message-_r_fn_\" aria-setsize=\"8\" aria-posinset=\"6\" data-tabster=\"{&quot;groupper&quot;:{&quot;tabbability&quot;:2},&quot;focusable&quot;:{}}\">\n<div class=\"r17kselw\">\n<h6 id=\"copilot-message-_r_fn_-title\" class=\"fai-CopilotMessage__accessibleHeading rhgro0h\">Copilot said:<\/h6>\n<div class=\"fai-CopilotMessage__avatar rfv3lde\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fai-CopilotMessage__name r1nnhzw6\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fai-CopilotMessage__disclaimer r1a5ho4p\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"copilot-message-_r_fn_\" class=\"fai-CopilotMessage__content r1izxv8h ___7qar2c0 fcthzvy\" dir=\"auto\">\n<div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">\n<div class=\"___1cqod5e f122n59 f22iagw fni485r f1g9kety fsnqrgy fylz90v f336tjw fly5x3f\" data-testid=\"chat-response-message\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"___1vve6yh f22iagw f1vx9l62 f122n59 f3bhgqh f1mnxvew fly5x3f\">\n<div class=\"___j4vmuw0 f22iagw f1vx9l62 f1869bpl fly5x3f fbc6vix\">\n<div tabindex=\"-1\" data-testid=\"loading-message\">\n<div>\n<div>\n<div id=\"response-id_r_fl_\" class=\"___1yop6mf f336tjw f9ijwd5 fz7g6wx fod5ikn f1s184ao\">\n<div class=\"___1peis63 f22iagw f1063pyq f6jr5hl f1c88k3p\">\n<div class=\"___4htdyp0 fz7g6wx fy77jfu\">\n<div class=\"___1j4t0a1 f1lmfglv f1abmfm4\" dir=\"auto\" aria-hidden=\"false\" data-testid=\"markdown-reply\" data-message-id=\"6fdbee52-274a-4a6f-af95-39bbdd5d6db9\" data-message-type=\"Chat\">\n<div class=\"___wfz1bu0 f22iagw f1vx9l62 fkmyikg f1lchdms f8l1z07 f1bhlzyd fg7epj3 f6jexfl f51n2f7 f16i8inh f3hzskh fzrdz8g fgwpxlh f1mdis10 f1rlczia f1ru2i4w fybv31n frwhrpf f17606zk f1wajnsr fb2pphc f1ljyjn1 fn6q6te f13jkcek fc0mgwn f1vuepmk f1c67nor fox1fvb f1shpdak f16g5hod f5phetg f12y62xk f1ow2z5w ftscbmq f1puue47 f1dsqotm f15rwmdu fkn0plo f1eruqge f1h0jk8n f10g1f9j f120u0xe fj4oygf fhr1v3p f2f27t1 fq2hb2s fsm702t fnayxhc fsfw6tx f1qyzrg f1w1ba3b f1n1h15l f1uor9nw f5mul0p f1c223r6 f1gbbxaq fw6nln4 f14kurlc fw6qtf3 f1cn6utk f130mqt5 f1xbt02t f17svvhy frd941i f1hm7p6r fk7l1aj ff0esoo fjq1tck fsa9eb5 ffameid f2o0lfm fmnegnk f14vyl7u f1hgxd9a fnlztsn f1ogdc4m f5q94w4 f8wbv2e f57f23h f1rsztky fikzu31 f4ady98 favbfap fcu7nei fpjsg6z f1xd82kt f4qa6gt fc3j4kt fmkp3n6 f1nwes5u fs0nqof fcg5rg0 fzuwlxe fhwpw40 f1h6fez2 f5ybzmn f1yzfvpk f16v1stg f8jclj0 f1c2gnh0 fry9c0a f1dwawj4 f1hw1bew fdmtvqg f1uehrap f1o2z0la f6hli9u f7kjtdb f17o8cpj f1oaoifb f18mpl1h f1y1vkt fij1kcj fhcms6v f8s4fs1 f1a8yah9 f1950bfk fxc7pbt f1wwqd0h f1mdenie fb5p750 f1ud1yn8 fq26vao f1c0fisw f9w4ola fw4wpu5 f1aekw10 fn7q2vw fm5yq3g fag8tdu f17aevfr f58f5vt f102mg56 f126zdz7 fyvuiz7 f10ud6hq f1u8wd2w fxy0hb4 ffdz3f9 f1vh42m0 f197g5h6 f1bzjmsn fj6y084 f9909mp fiz0p2d f1vkdkjs f19n0e5 f1eldvup f11ob4g2 f1jakm6c fe0pja7\">\n<p>\u092f\u0939 1950 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 <strong>9, 11 \u0914\u0930 13 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0927\u0940\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0940\u0920\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 1950 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092c \u0924\u0915 21 \u0928\u094c-\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0927\u0940\u0936\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0940\u0920\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0948\u0920 \u091a\u0941\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scobserver.in\/journal\/nine-judge-constitution-benches-in-the-supreme-court-so-far\/\">[scobserver.in]<\/a><\/p>\n<h3>13 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0927\u0940\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0920<\/h3>\n<div class=\"___1dmoc29 f10pi13n ftgm304 f1enuhaj fdclmfp f1nbblvp fat0sn4 f1ov4xf1 fekwl8i f1lmfglv f1oz7aqm f1abmfm4 f1w619qj f16h0jq8\">\n<table class=\"___1vyiefv f1ddd56o f16vktn6 f1ahpp82 f11qra4b f1uinfot fibjyge fvueend f9yszdx f1fu4s3n f3l3pb3 f10ghnd0 f8fmt76 fjvbh62 f1qrqxae f1vw5qpk fc02sbz fxawf59 fymf513 f1aoyrul f1el8yx3 f1pymoxg f1ofu761 fe6itr f7coize f1794535 f1o0pw0q fbjjl9v fk1v6el f16pyhcb f1ixlhx9 f12zef0i flu5r5u f19haqzy f1owmcxx f1oddm8q f1004tna fcoaxci fh0ee9u f15v23i2 f1dmj53 f1r1gcv9 f14z1veh ffufd3x f1ypplot f1660cg\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937<\/th>\n<th>\u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u093e<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1973<\/td>\n<td>Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924) <a href=\"https:\/\/testbook.com\/question-answer\/the-largest-constitutional-bench-of-13-judge-bench--634f8403869e33f6cffb6411\">[testbook.com]<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shankariasparliament.com\/current-affairs\/the-constitution-benches-of-supreme-court\">[shankarias&#8230;iament.com]<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h3>11 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0927\u0940\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092a\u0940\u0920\u0947\u0902<\/h3>\n<div class=\"___1dmoc29 f10pi13n ftgm304 f1enuhaj fdclmfp f1nbblvp fat0sn4 f1ov4xf1 fekwl8i f1lmfglv f1oz7aqm f1abmfm4 f1w619qj f16h0jq8\">\n<table class=\"___1vyiefv f1ddd56o f16vktn6 f1ahpp82 f11qra4b f1uinfot fibjyge fvueend f9yszdx f1fu4s3n f3l3pb3 f10ghnd0 f8fmt76 fjvbh62 f1qrqxae f1vw5qpk fc02sbz fxawf59 fymf513 f1aoyrul f1el8yx3 f1pymoxg f1ofu761 fe6itr f7coize f1794535 f1o0pw0q fbjjl9v fk1v6el f16pyhcb f1ixlhx9 f12zef0i flu5r5u f19haqzy f1owmcxx f1oddm8q f1004tna fcoaxci fh0ee9u f15v23i2 f1dmj53 f1r1gcv9 f14z1veh ffufd3x f1ypplot f1660cg\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937<\/th>\n<th>\u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u093e<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1965<\/td>\n<td>Sajjan Singh v. State of Rajasthan<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1967<\/td>\n<td>I.C. Golaknath v. State of Punjab<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2002<\/td>\n<td>T.M.A. Pai Foundation v. State of Karnataka <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shankariasparliament.com\/current-affairs\/the-constitution-benches-of-supreme-court\">[shankarias&#8230;iament.com]<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.drishtiias.com\/daily-updates\/daily-news-analysis\/constitution-bench-of-supreme-court\">[drishtiias.com]<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h3>9 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0927\u0940\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092a\u0940\u0920\u0947\u0902<\/h3>\n<div class=\"___1dmoc29 f10pi13n ftgm304 f1enuhaj fdclmfp f1nbblvp fat0sn4 f1ov4xf1 fekwl8i f1lmfglv f1oz7aqm f1abmfm4 f1w619qj f16h0jq8\">\n<table class=\"___1vyiefv f1ddd56o f16vktn6 f1ahpp82 f11qra4b f1uinfot fibjyge fvueend f9yszdx f1fu4s3n f3l3pb3 f10ghnd0 f8fmt76 fjvbh62 f1qrqxae f1vw5qpk fc02sbz fxawf59 fymf513 f1aoyrul f1el8yx3 f1pymoxg f1ofu761 fe6itr f7coize f1794535 f1o0pw0q fbjjl9v fk1v6el f16pyhcb f1ixlhx9 f12zef0i flu5r5u f19haqzy f1owmcxx f1oddm8q f1004tna fcoaxci fh0ee9u f15v23i2 f1dmj53 f1r1gcv9 f14z1veh ffufd3x f1ypplot f1660cg\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937<\/th>\n<th>\u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u093e<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1962<\/td>\n<td>Gujarat University Case<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1978<\/td>\n<td>Special Courts Bill Reference<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1992<\/td>\n<td>Indra Sawhney (Mandal Case)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1993<\/td>\n<td>Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association (Second Judges Case)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1994<\/td>\n<td>S.R. Bommai v. Union of India<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2005<\/td>\n<td>I.R. Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2016<\/td>\n<td>State of Karnataka v. Dr. Praveen Bhai Thogadia (\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0948\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2017<\/td>\n<td>K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (Right to Privacy)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2024<\/td>\n<td>Property Owners Association v. State of Maharashtra (\u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 39(b) \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scobserver.in\/journal\/nine-judge-constitution-benches-in-the-supreme-court-so-far\/\">[scobserver.in]<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h3>\u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 145(3) \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0940\u0920 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e 5 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0927\u0940\u0936 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shankariasparliament.com\/current-affairs\/the-constitution-benches-of-supreme-court\">[shankarias&#8230;iament.com]<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.drishtiias.com\/daily-updates\/daily-news-analysis\/constitution-bench-of-supreme-court\">[drishtiias.com]<\/a><\/li>\n<li>5 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0927\u0940\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0920\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0938\u0948\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li>7 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0927\u0940\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0920\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 Maneka Gandhi (1978) \u0914\u0930 S.P. Gupta (1981)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u092f\u0926\u093f \u0906\u092a UPSC\/Judiciary \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u094b \u092e\u0948\u0902 <strong>1950-2026 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092d\u0940 21 \u0928\u094c-\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0927\u0940\u0936\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0940\u0920\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940, \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u092d\u0940 \u0926\u0947 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0942\u0901\u0964<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fai-CopilotMessage__actions rmlvq19 ___7qar2c0 fcthzvy\" role=\"toolbar\" data-tabster=\"{&quot;mover&quot;:{&quot;cyclic&quot;:false,&quot;direction&quot;:2,&quot;memorizeCurrent&quot;:false}}\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"___1akvep3 f22iagw f1vx9l62 fdr99fa fly5x3f\">\n<div class=\"___m91pmt0 f19gb1f4 f22iagw f1063pyq f122n59 fni485r\">\n<div class=\"___kpik3k0 f22iagw f122n59 fbhxue7 f19gb1f4 fni485r\" data-testid=\"CopyButtonContainerTestId\" data-stable-ignore=\"true\">\n<div class=\"___he637h0 f22iagw f122n59 fbhxue7 fsbu5mz fni485r\">\n<div class=\"___kpik3k0 f22iagw f122n59 fbhxue7 f19gb1f4 fni485r\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<section>\n<div role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Provide your feedback on BizChat\" data-stable-ignore=\"true\">\n<div class=\"fai-FeedbackButtons ___1o9cutk f22iagw f4d9j23 f122n59 f19gb1f4\" data-testid=\"feedback-button-testid\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"___152j3kg f22iagw f122n59 f19gb1f4 fni485r\" data-stable-ignore=\"true\" data-testid=\"FeedbackContainerTestId\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"___myiiqs0 f22iagw f122n59 f19gb1f4 fy8esrh f11lbe85 f1hdcwaw fb2oezn fomi36t f1fg423w fs4re9 f7h5z39\">\n<div class=\"fui-Divider fai-bebop ___r7lgvp0 f122n59 f1ewtqcl f22iagw f1vx9l62 fqerorx f10pi13n fk6fouc fy9rknc figsok6 fwrc4pm f17mccla fyl8oag f16vkdww fhsnbul f1gw3sf2 f1ly5f7u f1s3tz6t f1wl9k8s f13zj6fq fkfq4zb fmcii2n f1th66p0 f1dywt5q f1gjo9vm fk1t5js f1t6blwg fw4oda7 fkt1bky f16gbxbe f1yq6w5o f9sc749 fhkwbjy flthirb f13hvwk3 f19onpk6 f1kyqvp9 fesgyo fzynn9s fekrn8e f1lwjmbk frvgh55 f1rvia3u\" role=\"separator\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\" data-divider=\"true\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"___648pct0 f1lmfglv f527xm8 f1hdris8\" dir=\"ltr\" data-testid=\"foot-note-div\">\n<div class=\"___9hhfkc0 f22iagw f122n59 f1piggt f1k6fduh fma2jfi fbhnoac f1ahpp82 f19jf40t f19f4twv f1gja51r f1c21dwh fcrct79 f4vp85q f3bhgqh f1ewtqcl\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" data-testid=\"sources-button-testid\" aria-label=\"Sources\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-stable-ignore=\"true\">\n<div class=\"___iozmec0 f22iagw f122n59 f1mk8lai f1eyhf9v\">\n<div class=\"___514oty0 f22iagw flvyvdh f1c88k3p fbhxue7 fjamq6b f1a3p1vp fq1loh5 fewmsyy fwktzdr f122n59 f1c1pqq2 f1ffwt05 f1kue8g2 fpq6zz4 f26m6j3 fc0835s fuiwmjg f1llm8p5\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/services.bingapis.com\/favicon?url=scobserver.in\" alt=\"Favicon type\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" \/><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/services.bingapis.com\/favicon?url=testbook.com\" alt=\"Favicon type\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" \/><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/services.bingapis.com\/favicon?url=shankariasparliament.com\" alt=\"Favicon type\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" \/><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"___1idhmhe f19n0e5 fq1bxqj figsok6 f1qg3onz f1mk8lai fpydfdc\">Sources<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"___1ud2xbm f22iagw f1vx9l62 fly5x3f f1mk8lai f1ewtqcl f1uopt3v\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"scrollEnd_r_fh_\" class=\"___8tlt740 fgr6219 f5i1nj6 fz4680z f10pi13n\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-virtualizer-index=\"3\" data-virtualizer-key=\"ae299051-3567-4ac4-839e-848039477ed0\" data-rendered-index=\"3\">\n<div id=\"chatMessageContainer_r_i0_\" class=\"___1q62va0 f22iagw f1vx9l62 f336tjw f19n0e5 fwbpcpn f5i1nj6 fod5ikn f1c88k3p fnl8v5d f901tiz f200zcz f1iczoe4 f3rmtva fcgxt0o f1ujusj6 f1ewtqcl f1ajdyiu fgfkb25 fly5x3f f1mk8lai f1jwtswh f11esl6e f1f7w013 f1jrcihw f3qt22i f14zl8uf fzt02m6 f440lb3 fyhosrd fvqq9m5 f1aqk2eq f5tv5m0 f1hc0rxk faumaof fv6pwmi f1knabog fkqvoc2 f1x26jzp fc33hxf f39srb5 f1mo3o16 f1k17ng fz7g6wx m365-chat-llm-web-ui-chat-chat-message chat-message-scroll-target-index\" data-testid=\"m365-chat-llm-web-ui-chat-message\" data-message-index=\"3\" data-test=\"DeepLeo\">\n<div class=\"___1um7ua0 fu5ar1v f1fkdb9a f10t3ba1 flha10a f14wmcpp fq8omct f1fd42sm f1i0g30d ___2qp2mr0 f13tfluo fk73vx1\">\n<div class=\"___17udz9t f1s184ao fy77jfu f1ewtqcl f1lfeew figsok6 fly5x3f fggyz0a f22iagw f1oztnx0 f122n59 f1lqt650 ff6plhw f5r04n fi07wok fskxgz1 fynzy5g f1xejo6e f1oxjgqe fbht8mq f1cz5f7p fcmi2yv f1mtc8eg fsfxnyf fcb5glp flgynce fpuidpi fhxju0i f1e6gc84 f4kni00 f10k52zw fkups3e\" data-testid=\"chatQuestion\">\n<div class=\"___1blghqn f22iagw f1vx9l62 f19gb1f4 fgs5rwf f1vxpdqu fgdu4nw fly5x3f\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"fai-UserMessage rapge5l fai-BebopUserMessage ___1rqz9z4 f19n0e5 fjuset5 fv22i1g f1kijzfu fkmyikg fdm3o16 f1239lcr f1s184ao f10kwr27 fmuwq92 f1hyfdyu fjksvth fpgzoln fibxuh5 f6dzj5z\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"article\" aria-labelledby=\"user-message-_r_i1_-title user-message-_r_i1_\" aria-setsize=\"8\" aria-posinset=\"7\" data-tabster=\"{&quot;groupper&quot;:{&quot;tabbability&quot;:2},&quot;focusable&quot;:{}}\">\n<h5 id=\"user-message-_r_i1_-title\" class=\"fai-UserMessage__accessibleHeading r183b29h\">You said:<\/h5>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"fai-UserMessage__topContent r1clpmrm\"><\/div>\n<div id=\"user-message-_r_i1_\" class=\"fai-UserMessage__message rulz4bx fai-BebopUserMessage__message ___1x49d6l f16xq7d1 fjccxr0 f1a3p1vp f1rvi9lw fi1h9r9 f1izrett\">\n<div class=\"___1jafa7q fhjrts3 fuujvue\" dir=\"auto\" data-testid=\"chatOutput\">\u0938\u092d\u0940 21 \u0928\u094c-\u091c\u091c \u092a\u0940\u0920\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0902<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"___1um7ua0 fu5ar1v f1fkdb9a f10t3ba1 flha10a f14wmcpp fq8omct f1fd42sm f1i0g30d ___2qp2mr0 f13tfluo fk73vx1\">\n<div class=\"___1mi8yjl f22iagw fz7g6wx\">\n<div id=\"chatMessageResponse-ae299051-3567-4ac4-839e-848039477ed0\" class=\"___js2fcd0 f22iagw f1vx9l62 fpgzoln f11qmguv f1tyq0we f6c99af f1uopt3v fly5x3f\" data-testid=\"copilot-message-div\">\n<div class=\"___19ip04d f1s184ao f6c99af\" dir=\"auto\" tabindex=\"-1\" role=\"\" data-testid=\"copilot-message-reply-div\">\n<div class=\"___1o959zg f22iagw f6jr5hl\">\n<div class=\"___yf97go0 fi64zpg fz5stix fy77jfu fniina8 f22iagw f122n59 f3nvwdx f1euv43f f3tsq5r fprs0cq f1mk8lai f1a3p1vp\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"___be36l80 fbotcpb fy77jfu f6dzj5z\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"fai-CopilotMessage r1f6yzd6 ___1fjo9g7 f1g2tzg5 fgct6un fy77jfu f2c7lf3\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"article\" aria-labelledby=\"copilot-message-_r_i5_-title copilot-message-_r_i5_\" aria-setsize=\"8\" aria-posinset=\"8\" data-tabster=\"{&quot;groupper&quot;:{&quot;tabbability&quot;:2},&quot;focusable&quot;:{}}\">\n<div id=\"copilot-message-_r_i5_\" class=\"fai-CopilotMessage__content r1izxv8h ___7qar2c0 fcthzvy\" dir=\"auto\">\n<div dir=\"auto\">\n<div class=\"___1cqod5e f122n59 f22iagw fni485r f1g9kety fsnqrgy fylz90v f336tjw fly5x3f\" data-testid=\"chat-response-message\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"___1vve6yh f22iagw f1vx9l62 f122n59 f3bhgqh f1mnxvew fly5x3f\">\n<div class=\"___j4vmuw0 f22iagw f1vx9l62 f1869bpl fly5x3f fbc6vix\">\n<div tabindex=\"0\" data-testid=\"loading-message\">\n<div id=\"response-id_r_i3_\" class=\"___1yop6mf f336tjw f9ijwd5 fz7g6wx fod5ikn f1s184ao\" data-testid=\"lastChatMessage\">\n<div class=\"___1peis63 f22iagw f1063pyq f6jr5hl f1c88k3p\">\n<div class=\"___4htdyp0 fz7g6wx fy77jfu\">\n<div class=\"___1j4t0a1 f1lmfglv f1abmfm4\" dir=\"auto\" aria-hidden=\"false\" data-testid=\"markdown-reply\" data-message-id=\"a5d838f6-2371-4f14-a854-d167a47f8a65\" data-message-type=\"Chat\">\n<div class=\"___wfz1bu0 f22iagw f1vx9l62 fkmyikg f1lchdms f8l1z07 f1bhlzyd fg7epj3 f6jexfl f51n2f7 f16i8inh f3hzskh fzrdz8g fgwpxlh f1mdis10 f1rlczia f1ru2i4w fybv31n frwhrpf f17606zk f1wajnsr fb2pphc f1ljyjn1 fn6q6te f13jkcek fc0mgwn f1vuepmk f1c67nor fox1fvb f1shpdak f16g5hod f5phetg f12y62xk f1ow2z5w ftscbmq f1puue47 f1dsqotm f15rwmdu fkn0plo f1eruqge f1h0jk8n f10g1f9j f120u0xe fj4oygf fhr1v3p f2f27t1 fq2hb2s fsm702t fnayxhc fsfw6tx f1qyzrg f1w1ba3b f1n1h15l f1uor9nw f5mul0p f1c223r6 f1gbbxaq fw6nln4 f14kurlc fw6qtf3 f1cn6utk f130mqt5 f1xbt02t f17svvhy frd941i f1hm7p6r fk7l1aj ff0esoo fjq1tck fsa9eb5 ffameid f2o0lfm fmnegnk f14vyl7u f1hgxd9a fnlztsn f1ogdc4m f5q94w4 f8wbv2e f57f23h f1rsztky fikzu31 f4ady98 favbfap fcu7nei fpjsg6z f1xd82kt f4qa6gt fc3j4kt fmkp3n6 f1nwes5u fs0nqof fcg5rg0 fzuwlxe fhwpw40 f1h6fez2 f5ybzmn f1yzfvpk f16v1stg f8jclj0 f1c2gnh0 fry9c0a f1dwawj4 f1hw1bew fdmtvqg f1uehrap f1o2z0la f6hli9u f7kjtdb f17o8cpj f1oaoifb f18mpl1h f1y1vkt fij1kcj fhcms6v f8s4fs1 f1a8yah9 f1950bfk fxc7pbt f1wwqd0h f1mdenie fb5p750 f1ud1yn8 fq26vao f1c0fisw f9w4ola fw4wpu5 f1aekw10 fn7q2vw fm5yq3g fag8tdu f17aevfr f58f5vt f102mg56 f126zdz7 fyvuiz7 f10ud6hq f1u8wd2w fxy0hb4 ffdz3f9 f1vh42m0 f197g5h6 f1bzjmsn fj6y084 f9909mp fiz0p2d f1vkdkjs f19n0e5 f1eldvup f11ob4g2 f1jakm6c fe0pja7\">\n<p>\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 1950 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092c \u0924\u0915 <strong>21 \u0928\u094c-\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0927\u0940\u0936\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0940\u0920\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u092c\u0948\u0920\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 21 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940<\/p>\n<p>\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 9-\u091c\u091c \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0940\u0920\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>In Re: Kerala Education Bill (1958)<\/li>\n<li>Gujarat University v. Krishna Ranganath Mudholkar (1963)<\/li>\n<li>I.C. Golaknath v. State of Punjab (1967, \u0938\u0941\u0928\u0935\u093e\u0908 11-\u091c\u091c, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0948\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092c\u0947\u0902\u091a \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0940\u092f)<\/li>\n<li>Kesavananda Bharati \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0908 9-\u091c\u091c \u092a\u0940\u0920 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f<\/li>\n<li>Special Courts Bill Reference (1979)<\/li>\n<li>S.P. Sampath Kumar (1987)<\/li>\n<li>Indra Sawhney v. Union of India (1992)<\/li>\n<li>Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association (Second Judges Case) (1993)<\/li>\n<li>S.R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994)<\/li>\n<li>M. Nagaraj v. Union of India (2006)<\/li>\n<li>I.R. Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu (2007)<\/li>\n<li>K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017)<\/li>\n<li>Property Owners Association v. State of Maharashtra (2<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f (Supreme Court) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u092f\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0927\u0940\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0920 (\u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0940\u0920) \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":57994,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[126,130,131,1,36,128],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-59554","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-breaking-news","category-tajatareen","category-lokpriya","category-every-news","category-36","category-128"],"acf":[],"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":["https:\/\/hindkush.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/sc2.jpg",330,153,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/hindkush.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/sc2-150x150.jpg",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/hindkush.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/sc2-300x139.jpg",300,139,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/hindkush.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/sc2.jpg",330,153,false],"large":["https:\/\/hindkush.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/sc2.jpg",330,153,false],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/hindkush.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/sc2.jpg",330,153,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/hindkush.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/sc2.jpg",330,153,false],"colormag-highlighted-post":["https:\/\/hindkush.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/sc2.jpg",330,153,false],"colormag-featured-post-medium":["https:\/\/hindkush.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/sc2.jpg",330,153,false],"colormag-featured-post-small":["https:\/\/hindkush.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/sc2-130x90.jpg",130,90,true],"colormag-featured-image":["https:\/\/hindkush.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/sc2.jpg",330,153,false],"colormag-default-news":["https:\/\/hindkush.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/sc2-150x150.jpg",150,150,true],"colormag-featured-image-large":["https:\/\/hindkush.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/sc2.jpg",330,153,false],"colormag-elementor-block-extra-large-thumbnail":["https:\/\/hindkush.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/sc2.jpg",330,153,false],"colormag-elementor-grid-large-thumbnail":["https:\/\/hindkush.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/sc2.jpg",330,153,false],"colormag-elementor-grid-small-thumbnail":["https:\/\/hindkush.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/sc2-285x153.jpg",285,153,true],"colormag-elementor-grid-medium-large-thumbnail":["https:\/\/hindkush.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/sc2.jpg",330,153,false]},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"hinadmin","author_link":"https:\/\/hindkush.in\/?author=1"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f 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\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hindkush.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/59554","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hindkush.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hindkush.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hindkush.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hindkush.in\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=59554"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/hindkush.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/59554\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":59555,"href":"https:\/\/hindkush.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/59554\/revisions\/59555"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hindkush.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/57994"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hindkush.in\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=59554"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hindkush.in\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=59554"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hindkush.in\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=59554"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}